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MICRO-Final > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

______ is protection from infectious diseases.

A

Immunity

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2
Q

________ is not antigen specific.

A

Innate immunity

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3
Q

_________ is antigen specific.

A

Adaptive immunity

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4
Q

The immune response develops with an _______ phase early after infection and with an ______ phase later on.

A
  • Innate

- Adaptive

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5
Q

_________ is ancient and involves barrier defenses.

A

Innate immune response

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of Barriers associated with Innate immunity?

A
  • Physical (Epithelial & Mucosal surfaces)
  • Chemical Barriers (Fatty acids in sweat inhibit bacterial growth, Tears, saliva…)
  • Biological barriers (Normal flora of the skin and GI tract can prevent colonization of infectious bacteria.)
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7
Q

______ are white blood cells and leukocytes (Immune cells).

A

Aliases

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8
Q

All leukocytes are derived from___________.

A

Hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

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9
Q

Myeloid cells are leukocytes that are derived from a ___________.

A

Myeloid progenitor cell

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10
Q

Lymphoid cells are leukocytes derived from __________.

A

Lymphoid progenitor cells.

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11
Q

Examples of Myeloid cells include what ? (3)

A

Granulocytes

  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • neutrophils

Monocytes

Dendritic cells

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12
Q

Examples of lymphoid cells include what?

A

Natural killer cells = innate immune cells

T-cells & B-cells = adaptive immune cells

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13
Q
  • Large Phagocytic cells
  • contain arsenal of lysozyme and antibiotic proteins
  • Has multi lobed nucleus
  • comprises 50-75% of blood leukocytes in humans
  • Often the first cell to respond to “Trouble”
    -Phagocytose invading microorganisms or particles….
    WHAT AM I????
A

NEUTROPHIL

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14
Q

______ comprise 0.2% of blood leukocytes.

A

Basophils

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15
Q

_______ are similar to basophils but found in tissue instead of blood and are major in allergic response.

A

Mast Cells (Major in Allergic response)

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16
Q
  • Principle trigger is IgE mediated surface receptors cross-linking.
  • Histamine is primary mediator
  • Release multiple inflammatory mediators
  • protective during inflammation but pathological role in allergy.
    WHAT AM I????
A

Basophils & Mast Cells

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17
Q

_________ comprise 2-5% of blood leukocytes in non-allergenic people.

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q
  • Have bi-lobed nucleus
  • principle function is IgE mediated degranulation and eradication of large extra-cellular parasites (Worms)
  • Proportions rise during allergic rxn.
    WHAT AM I???
A

Eosinophils

19
Q

______ make up 5-10% of leukocytes in blood.

A

Monocytes/macrophages

20
Q
  • Phagocytic cell
  • Often second cell to respond to “Trouble”
  • Large nucleus
  • Very large cell
  • Produce chemotactic agents for other leukocytes
  • contain arsenal of lysozyme and antibiotic proteins
  • *Extremely important for antigen presentation
  • *Extremely important for clearance of dead cells.
A

Monocytes (Blood)

Macrophage (tissues) = antigen presenting cells

21
Q
  • Phagocytic cell *Best antigen presenting cell!
  • Minor population in the blood, but found in skin, mucosa, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus.
  • typically express MHC II molecules
  • Internalize and process Ag
  • Present Ag peptides within MHC II on surface
  • Important for presenting Ag to T cells
  • Important for activating T cells
  • Link between innate and adaptive immunity.
    WHAT AM I?
A

Dendritic cell (AKA: Professional Antigen presenting cell)

22
Q

What happen if the innate immune response is not enough to clear an infection?

A
  • innate immune system is never really enough to totally clear an infection so you need the adaptive immune system to kick in.
23
Q

What are the cells of the Adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

24
Q
  • 20-50% of blood Leukocytes
  • B cells, T cells and Natural killer cells
  • Relatively small
  • produce chemotactic agents to attract other leukocytes
  • produce cytokines to activate other leukocytes
  • EXTREMELY important for adaptive immunity:
    • immunological specificity
    • immune regulation
    • immune memory (Basis for vaccines)
      WHAT AM I?
A

Lymphocytes

25
Q

Adaptive immune system is comprised of both a _______ and a _______.

A
  • humoral arm

- Cell mediated arm

26
Q

Cell mediated arm primarily effect _______.

A

intracellular pathogens

27
Q

Humoral arms primarily effective against ______.

A

Extracellular microbes

28
Q

How do you tell immune cells apart?

A

Cluster differentiation

  • CD3+ are t cells
  • CD3+CD4+ are CD4+ t cells (Helper t cells)
  • CD3+CD8+ cells are CD8+ t cells (Cytotoxic t cells)
29
Q

_____ is any substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system.

A

Antigen

30
Q

Describe the 3 types of Antigens…

A
  1. Immunogen = antigen that elicits an immune response.
  2. Tolerogen = induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness.
  3. Allergen = antigen that induces an immediate hypersensitivity.
31
Q

Why is the origin of the Antigen important to immune response?

A

B/C if its endogenous it will be presented to by the APC’s to CD8+ t cells.
….AND if its Exogenous, it will be presented to the APC’s by the CD4+ T cells.

32
Q

Where does innate and adaptive immunity develop?

A 
Innate = @ site of infection
Adaptive = In lymph nodes
33
Q

How does lymphocyte activation occur?

A
  1. microbe infects host
  2. Microbe is taken up by APC at site of infection
  3. APC enters lymph circulation and into LC
  4. Naive T and B cells enter LN from circulation
34
Q

______ & ____ are found within specific zones of a lymph node.

A

T cells & B cells

35
Q

How do immune cells get into Lymphoid organs?

A
  • If no antigen is being presented, t-cells leave and re enter circulation.
  • If antigen is being presented, immune cell is activated prior to exiting and going to site of peripheral infection.
36
Q

What controls leukocyte Entry into Peripheral sites?

A

Physiochemical variables

  • Blood flow
  • Electrostatic interactions

Cellular adhesion molecules fro lymphocyte homing

37
Q

If cells of the innate immune response ARE NOT antigen specific, how do they detect and respond to invading pathogens?

A

Via 3 important Receptors:

  • Scavenger receptors = recognize variety of proteins unique to microbes.
  • Mannose receptors = resoponds to mannose and fructose (host cells don’t have much of this)
  • N-formyl-methonine receptors…….host cells don’t have much of this either.
38
Q

How long does it take for aAdaptive immune response to kick in?

A

It takes about a week to get up and running…

39
Q

How do cells of the innate immune response detect antigens?

A

Using toll-like receptors (TLR’s)

40
Q

What is a Toll0like receptor?

A

Also known as pattern recognition receptors:
they recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively called Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP’s)

41
Q

What is the Immune consequence of TLR recognition of a PAMP?

A

affects both innate and Adaptive immune response.
*Trigger TLR signaling cascades
Adaptor proteins —-> Protein Kinases—–> Transcription factor

42
Q

How do immune cells in the lymph nodes know where to go when they leave?

A

The have increased Selectin ligands that guide them to the Selectin receptors.

43
Q

How do immune cells get through cell membrane?

A

Chemokines!

44
Q

Cells of the Adaptive immune response ARE antigen specific, so how do they recognize antigens?

A

CD4+ t cells recognize Antigen + MHCII

CD8+ t cells recognize Antigen + MHCI

MICRO-Final (1 decks)

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