Interacting with the Environment

Question 1

broadbent filter model vs treisman attenuation model of selective attention

Answer 1

starts with attended and unattended message
1. sensory store
2. selective filter
3. bottlenecks attended message to higher level processing
4. working memory
starts with attended and unattended message
3. unattended message becomes “attenuated”, softer

Question 2

cocktail party effect/selective priming

Answer 2

people are selectively primed to notice things frequently heard - explains how we hear things we are not focused on

Question 3

visual processing binding problem

Answer 3

problem of how different aspects are assembled together relating to single object

Question 4

resource model of attention

Answer 4

explains divided attention, says we only have limited pool of specific resource to draw on when performing tasks
(depends on type of task, difficulty of task, familiarity with task)

Question 5

information processing model

Answer 5

attention, perception, storage into memory

Question 6

Baddeley Model of Working memory

Answer 6

central executive oversees phonological loop (repeating to self), episodic buffer (relating to episode in life), visuospatial sketchpad (using mental images)

Question 7

Piaget’s ideas on children development to new ideas

Answer 7

either assimilate experience into current schema, or accommodate our own schema by adjusting to make snese of new experience

Question 8

Piaget’s 4 developmental stages

Answer 8

sensorimotor stage: learn through senses/movement, learn object permanence
preoperational stage: learn that things can be represented through symbols, egocentric
concrete operational stage: learn how think logically, principle of conservation (idea that quantity remains same despite change in shape)
formal operational stage: reasoning

Question 9

cognitive changes in late adulthood

Answer 9

memory, remembering time-based tasks, slower reaction time/speech

Question 10

confirmation bias

Answer 10

tendency to search only for information that confirms your ideas

Question 11

fixation/mental set/functional fixedness

Answer 11

fixation: inability to see the problem from a fresh perspective
mental set: tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past
functional fixedness: tendency to perceive function of object as fixed

Question 12

heuristics

Answer 12

mental shortcuts

Question 13

belief bias/belief perseverance

Answer 13

belief bias: tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes rather than logic
belief perseverance: tendency to cling to beliefs despite contrary evidence

Question 14

alertness/arousal controlled by which part of brain

Answer 14

reticular formation in brainstem

Question 15

type of EEG waves when awake but sleepy

Answer 15

alpha waves - low amplitude, high frequency

Question 16

stages of sleep, type of waves

Answer 16

stage 1 sleep - nonREM sleep, theta waves
stage 2 sleep - K complexes and sleep spindles
stage 3 & 4 - delta waves (slow wave deep sleep)- high amplitude, low frequency
final REM - waves resemble beta of being awake and alert

Question 17

when does deep sleep happen

Answer 17

early in the night, less as night progresses

Question 18

how light affects sleepiness

Answer 18

darkness causes SCN to signal to pineal gland to produce melatonin - makes you tired
bright light regulates SCN and also directly inhibits melatonin release

Question 19

when do dreams happen

Answer 19

REM

Question 20

Freud’s ideas on dreams

Answer 20

manifest content: plotlines or dreams were symbolic of latent content: unconscious drives

Question 21

dyssomnia, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, parasomnia, somnambulism, night terrors

Answer 21

dyssomnia - abnormalities in amount of sleep
sleep apnea: intermittently stop breathing during sleep which results in waking up
parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep
somnambulism: sleepwalking
night terrors: occur during stage 3, don’t recall

Question 22

hypnotism and dissociation theory

Answer 22

hypnotism is just extreme form of divided attention

Question 23

social influence theory

Answer 23

people do and report what’s expected of them

Question 24

mindfulness based stress reduction

Answer 24

used during meditation to help alleviate stress

Question 25

examples of depressants

Answer 25

alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates

Question 26

what hormones does alcohol control

Answer 26

stimulates GABA and dopamine

Question 27

examples of stimulants

Answer 27

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

Question 28

hallucinogens

Answer 28

lsd, MARIJUANA

Question 29

psychological dependence vs physical dependence vs addiction

Answer 29

psychological dependence: use of drug in response to painful emotions
physical dependence: withdrawal, physical pain without drug
addiction: biologically based in dopaminergic pathway

Question 30

6 universal emotions

Answer 30

happy, sad, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Question 31

yerkes dodson law regarding emotion

Answer 31

humans do best performance at mid-range of emotional arousal

Question 32

james lange theory of emotion

Answer 32

stimulus, physiological response (heart rate), emotion

Question 33

cannon-bard theory of emotion

Answer 33

stimulus, physiological response + emotion at same time and separately

Question 34

schachter-singer theory of emotion

Answer 34

stimulus, physiological response, cognitive interpretation, emotion

Question 35

limbic system, parts of it

Answer 35

responsible for emotions

amygdala, hypothalamus (controls physiological aspect), prefrontal cortex (approach and avoidance behavior)

Question 36

prefrontal cortex roles, special injury it relates to

Answer 36

voice that calms down amygdala, controls executive functions, phineas gage injury - led to pt impulsivity, no empathy

Question 37

appraisal in relation to stress

Answer 37

depends on how person interprets event

Question 38

learned helplessness

Answer 38

sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in one’s ability to manage situation

Question 39

B.F Skinner’s behaviorist model of language

Answer 39

argues learning language is like any learned behavior with positive reenfocement

Question 40

Noam Chomsky’s universal grammar model of language

Answer 40

suggests we have innate ability to master language

Question 41

Broca’s area, where it is

Answer 41

frontal lobe, speech production

Question 42

Wernicke’s area, where it is

Answer 42

temporal lobe, comprehension of speech and written language

Question 43

primacy affect

Answer 43

people are more likely to recall first information they hear, less likely to recall later information