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Flashcards in Inhalation Induction Deck (25)
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1
Q

Fi

A

refers to the concentration (partial pressure) of volatile agent in the anesthesia machine/inspiratory tubing of the anesthesia circuit

On your machine, it would the the inspired gas you are using

2
Q

Fa

A

refers to the concentration (partial pressure) of volatile agent in the alveoli

“Fa” can also refer to the concentration of agent in the expiratory tubing of the anesthesia circuit

On your machine, it would be the end tidal gas that you are using

3
Q

Fi/Fa ratio

A

The Fa/Fi ratio tells us how concentrated the alveoli are (Fa) compared to how concentrated the machine is (Fi)

Fa/Fi ratio will always be less than 1 when the volatile agent is turned on

Fa will eventually get close to Fi, meaning that the Fa/Fi ratio will eventually approach 1

4
Q

What does the Fa/Fi curve tell us?

A

This Fa/Fi curve shows us how fast the Fa/Fi ratio of each inhalational agent approaches 1

In other words, it’s telling us how fast each inhalational agent builds up in the alveoli.

If the inhalational agent has a steep slope on the Fa/Fi curve, it means that the partial pressure of agent (Fa) in the alveoli is rapidly increasing, which will lead to faster diffusion into the blood, which will lead to a faster inhalational induction.

5
Q

Low blood solubility

A

If an inhalational agent has low blood solubility (a low blood gas coefficient), there is a slower initial diffusion of agent into the blood (because the agent is not soluble in blood)

This leads to a higher initial Desflurane concentration in the lungs (more rapid increase in Fa)

6
Q

High blood solubility

A

If an inhalational agent has high blood solubility (a high blood gas coefficient), there is a faster initial diffusion of agent into the blood (because the agent is soluble in blood)

This leads to a lower initial Isoflurane concentration in the lungs (slower increase in Fa)

7
Q

If Desflurane has a lower blood gas coefficient than nitrous oxide, why does nitrous oxide have a steeper Fa/Fi curve?

A

Because N20 is typically used in much higher concentrations

8
Q

Fa/Fi curve summary

A
  1. A steeper curve means that the agent builds up quickly in the lungs
  2. Agents with low blood solubility will quickly increase in the lungs and thus have steeper curves
  3. Agents with steeper curves have cause faster inhalational inductions
9
Q

How would you speed up inhalation induction?

A
  1. Select a higher percentage on the vaporizer dial
  2. Use higher fresh gas flow rates
  3. Decrease the circuit volume (The shorter the circuit, the faster the concentration in the circuit will increase)
  4. Select a volatile agent with the lowest blood solubility
10
Q

How much oxygen does a patient need?

A

Oxygen consumption in an awake, normothermic, 70kg male is ≈250mL/min

“Oxygen consumption is reduced 15-20% under general anesthesia in most patients”

11
Q

What are advantages to using low fresh gas flow?

A
  1. Cost effective (Less total agent will travel through the machine and less will end up being wasted through scavenging)
  2. Preserves tracheal heat & moisture
  3. Slows the drying process of soda lime CO2 granules
  4. Better preserves the patient’s body temperature
12
Q

What are disadvantages to low fresh gas flow?

A
  1. Slower inhalational induction (Takes longer for the agent to be carried to the patient)
  2. Slower emergence from anesthesia (Takes longer to “wash” the agent out of the machine)
13
Q

What are disadvantages to high fresh gas flow?

A
  1. Expensive (Any gas delivered in excess of what the patient needs will be lost to scavenging) (Higher FGF = more wasted inhalational agent)
  2. Dries out the patient’s airway, which leads to moisture and heat loss
  3. Accelerates the drying out of the soda lime CO2 granules
14
Q

What are advantages of high fresh gas flow?

A
  1. Faster inhalational induction (More quickly carries the agent to the patient)
  2. Faster emergence from anesthesia (“Washes” the agent out of the machine at a faster rate)
15
Q

What are patient factors that can speed up inhalation induction?

A
  1. When a patient has low cardiac output (However, even though each mL of blood picks up quite a bit of agent, less total agent is being picked up, because the total mL’s per minute passing through the lungs is less)
  2. Higher minute ventilation = faster inhalational induction
  3. Deeper breaths
  4. Faster breaths
  5. Low FRC
16
Q

Effect of low cardiac output on induction

A
  1. Fast inhalational induction
  2. Slow intravenous induction
17
Q

Effect of high cardiac output on induction

A
  1. Slow inhalational induction
  2. Fast intravenous induction
18
Q

FRC

A

FRC represents the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of expiration

19
Q

Inhalation induction summary

A
20
Q

How much cardiac output does vessel rich organs receive? What are the clinical implications?

A

The “vessel rich” organs receive ≈75% of cardiac output, and include the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and endocrine organs

  1. These organs are quickly saturated with agent after the vaporizer is turned on
  2. Agent quickly leaves the organs after the vaporizer is turned off
21
Q

How much cardiac output does skin/muscle receive?

A

The muscle group includes the skin and muscle, and these organs receive ≈20% of cardiac output

22
Q

How much cardiac output does fat receive? What are the clinical implications?

A
  1. Agent SLOWLY builds up in fat after the vaporizer is turned on
  2. Agent is slow to leave the fat after the vaporizer is turned off

Not only is there less blood flow to the fat, but volatile agents are more soluble in fat than in any other tissue

23
Q

What is the wakeup mechanism?

A
  1. The vaporizer is turned off (and the fresh gas flow is eventually turned up)
  2. The concentration of agent in the machine and lungs decreases (sped up by fast flow rate)
  3. Agent starts diffusing from the blood to the lungs (faster if agent has low blood solubility)
  4. The concentration of agent in the blood decreases
  5. Once the blood concentration decreases, agent starts to diffuse out of the tissues (brain, fat) and into the blood

The more saturated the fat gets with agent, the longer wakeup will take

  1. As the concentration of agent in the fat decreases, the concentration of agent in the blood further decreases
  2. When the blood (and brain) concentration decreases enough, the patient wakes up
24
Q

What are some factors that affect wake up?

A
  1. Age of the patient (older wake up slower)
  2. Amount of agent dissolved in the fat (obesity, long surgeries, and concentration of gas increase fat absorption)
  3. Fresh gas flow (FGF) rates after the agent is turned off (turning it up will wake up faster)
  4. Blood solubility of the volatile agent (agents with low blood solubility = faster wake up)
  5. Minute ventilation after the agent is turned off (high minute ventilation = faster wakeup)
  6. Amount of narcotics used (more narcotics used = slower wakeup)
  7. Body temperature (hypothermia delays emergence)
  8. Cardiac output (low cardiac output prolongs somnolence)
  9. Lung disease/decreased alveolar diffusion (delays emergence)
  10. APL valve (open it up after agent is turned off = faster emergence)
  11. FRC (Low FRC = faster emergence)
  12. Hypothermia
25
Q

Summary Of Factors That Delay Emergence From Inhalational Anesthetics

A