Important topics for the axial and appendicular skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8

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2
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

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3
Q

What is the advantage of knitted conformation for sutures?

A

More surface area for connection

Prevents separation of bones in the advent of head trauma

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4
Q

What is a soft spot?

A

Babies aren’t born with cranial bones. Have a soft spot instead. Cranial bones will grow around it.
Soft spot allows for:
- brain expansion
- ease of passage through birth canal

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5
Q

When do cranial bones form?

A

1 year

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6
Q

What are the different sutures? Point to them on youself.

A

Squamous suture - occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly
Lambdoid suture - occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
Coronal suture - located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone
Sagittal suture - occurs where the parietal bones meet superiorly
Occipitomastoid suture - occurs where temporal bones meet the occipital bone

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7
Q

What do the facial bones function to do?

A

Protect delicate sense organs
Form framework of face
Anchor the muscles of the face
Hold the teeth

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8
Q

Which facial bone is the largest and strongest?

A

Mandible

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9
Q

If you have temporomandibular joint inflammation, what is the issue?

A

Bursa and actual joint are inflammed

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10
Q

Describe the vertebral column.
How many bones compose it?
What is its function?

A

26 bones in adult
Transmit weight of trunk to lower limbs
Protect spinal cord
Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back

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11
Q

What are the different parts of the vertebral column?

A
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (4 fused)
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12
Q

Why is the vertebral column curved?

A
Increased flexibility
dissipation of force
strength
Allows head to balance directly over pelvis
max weight distribution
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13
Q

What are primary curves?

A

Baby starts C-shaped, only has primary curves = thoracic and sacral, formed during fetal development.

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14
Q

What are secondary curves?

A

Baby holds head up - cervical (4 months)

Walk and stand up - 1 year; lumbar

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15
Q

Intervertebral discs
Cushion-like pads between _________
Act as _______-absorbers
Composed about ___ of height of vertebral column
Composed of _______ ______ and ______ _______

A

Vertebrae
shock
25%
anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Gelatinous inner sphere of intervertebral disc

Enables spine to absorb compressive stresses

17
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus?

A
Outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage
contains the nucleus pulposus
Functions:
- bind vertebrae together
-resist tension on the spine
- absorb compressive forces
18
Q

What leaves during compression of the spine?

A

Water

19
Q

What is the importance of the ligaments of the spine?

A

Prevents too much movement of the vertebral column.
Ligaments prevent hyperextension and aid in recoiling to original shape.
Prevent damage to spinal cord and nerves.

20
Q

What is a herniated disc?
Cause?
Contributing factor?

A

Nucleus pulposus loses cushioning properties or anulus fibrosus weakens.
Age is a contributing factor.
May be caused by trauma to the spine

21
Q

How are herniated discs painful?

How can this issue be rectified?

A

Different grades.
Press on nerves, kill off nervous tissue supplying muscle.
Surgery can realign or, if bad enough, fuse vertebrae/use synthetics

22
Q

What does fusion of vertebrae cause?

A

Reduced range of motion

23
Q

What is the spinal canal?

A

All the vertebral foramen together

24
Q

What are the intervertebral foramen formed by and, what purpose do they serve?

A

Formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae.
These function to form holes for nerves and blood vessels to go through.

25
Q

Which vertebrae are typical cervical vertebrae?

A

C3-C7

26
Q

Why are the cervical vertebrae the smallest and lightest vertebrae?

A

Only have to bear the weight of the skull, rather than that of most of the body.

27
Q

What are basic characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

A

Spinous process short and bifid (except C7)
Vertebral foramen - large and triangular
Transverse processes contain transverse foramina
Superior articular facets face superposteriorly

28
Q
Atlas
Lacks a \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ process
Supports the skull
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ articular \_\_\_\_\_ receive the \_\_\_\_\_\_ condyles
Allows \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ of the neck
- \_\_\_\_\_ the head \_\_\_
A
lacks a body and spinous process
supports the skull
- superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles
Allows flexion and extension of the neck
i.e. nodding the head yes
29
Q

Axis
Comparatively to atlas, it has a _____ and _____ ______
Has the _____ which projects ________
Dens acts as a pivot for rotation of atlas, allows which movement?

A

Body and spinous process
Dens - superiorly

“No” movement of head

30
Q

Thoracic vertebrae:
Larger and stronger _____ than cervical
______ processes are long and point ______.
Longer ______ process than cervical vertebrae
Vertebral foramen are _______.

A

body
spinous, inferiorly
transverse
circular