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Flashcards in Immuno 3 Deck (37)
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1
Q

more specific definition of lymphocytes

A

substance (foreign to body) that provokes a specific response by the lymphocytes

2
Q

what is tolerance and what will happen if your body loses this tolerance?

A

tolerance is that your immune system know its own antigens (if immune system loses tolerance, then you get autoimmune diseases)

3
Q

what are surface radicals? what is another name for this

A

epitope

-on a cell that is antigenic, usually a small patch of amino acids

4
Q

3 classifications of antigens of human origin

A
  • autoantigens
  • homologous antigens
  • organ specific antigens
5
Q

what are auto antigens?

A

your own antigens, if you lose tolerance to auto antigens, it will cause an autoimmune disorder

6
Q

what are homologous antigens?

A

just a little bit genetically different from your neighbor of the same species (example is ABO blood type)

7
Q

example of homologous antigens

A

-transplant rejection possibility because immune system thinks it is foreign- have to take immunosuppressants the rest of life

8
Q

what are organ specific antigens?

A

your immune system does not know about these antigens (because they have been isolated from the immune system)

9
Q

example of organ specific antigens

A

lens in the human eye

10
Q

problem from organ specific antigens in cataract surgery of the lens of the eye

A

lens liquifies and if some of that spills out during surgery, it can get into circulatory system and cause

  • phacolytic glaucome
  • phacolyitc uveitis (inflammation)
11
Q

what is required for antigen presentation to T cells

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

-2 special proteins I and II

12
Q

MHC class I vs. MHC class II biochemical difference

A
  • MHC Class I has 1 heavy chain

- MHC Class II has 2 heavy chains

13
Q

how is MHC Class I used?

A
  • a billboard for killer T cells
  • when virus is inside cell
  • results in killer T cell destroying that cell
14
Q

what kinds of cells can present MHC Class I and II?

A

MHC I- most cells have the ability to do this

MHC II-only certain antigen presenting cells (APCs) can do this

15
Q

how is MHC Class II used?

A

antigen is displayed on surface for information to the helper T cells
-which secrete various substances and get immune response going

16
Q

list of consequences of antibody antigen reactions

A
  1. activation of B and T cells
  2. activation of complement
  3. phagocytosis
17
Q

first step in Ab-Ag coupling activation of B and T cells

A

coupling of Ag-Ab= cognate, antibody finds its cognate antigen, and cognate antigen displayed by infected cell

18
Q

second “fail safe” from Ab-Ag rxn activation of B and T cells

A

“fail safe” is a protein on the helper T cell on APC which locks up- keeps immune system kicking off/on immune response
-the “2nd key” required

19
Q

what is complement?

A

a system of 20 different proteins in the blood stream which can be activated

20
Q

what occurs when complement is activated?

A

there is a chain reaction and there is substance which can be very destructive to human cells and pathogen (lysis, cytotoxic)

21
Q

how many ways can these 20 complements be activated/combined and what is the most common way?

A

3 different ways

-usually hear about the classical route of activation and coupling together of these components

22
Q

when complement is activated, where does it attach

A

attached to antigen

“fixed to antigenic cell”

23
Q

end result of complement and what occurs:

A

membrane- attack complex

“drill a hole” right through the cell wall, fluid rushes in and cell bursts

24
Q

what is a phagocytic cell

A

type of cell that will ingest other cells, resulting in engulfment

25
Q

2 types of phagocytic cells

A

microphages and macrophages

26
Q

microphages come from

A

neutrophils (modified neutrophils)

27
Q

microphage vs. macrophage lifespan

A

microphage=short lived

macrophage= long lived

28
Q

microphages contain

A

suicide bags (which are seen as granules) which contain materials that will destroy whatever they will ingest

29
Q

microphages are major defense against

A

pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus and streptococcus)

30
Q

macrophages are derived from

A

monocytes (much larger WBC)

31
Q

mature macrophages settle tissues of what organs

A

in certain tissues (serve sentinel function) and live for months or years
-liver, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and lungs

32
Q

3 things both macrophages and microphages exhibit

A
  • diapedesis
  • amoeboid motion
  • chemotaxis
33
Q

macro/microphages diapedesis is

A

can leave blood vascular system

34
Q

micro/macrophages amoeboid motion is

A

they can move very slowly (about 40 microns/min)

35
Q

micro/macrophages chemotaxis

A

when a cell is infected or damaged, inflamed, or infected cells and it attracts phagocytic cells

36
Q

what things can make adherence more likely?

A
  • Ab on surface of invading organism

- antibody+complement makes adherence even more likely

37
Q

opsonization

A

“to make ready for eating”

-antibodies and complement make adherence better