pre-programmed defense responses
Define innate immunity
-Skin and mucus-Oil, sweat (low skin pH)
List the barrier defenses
macrophages, interferons, inflammatory response, mast cells, natural killer cells
List the types of internal Defense
engulf pathogens
What do macrophages do?
proteins secreted by infected cells that signal neighboring cells to defend themselves.
What are interferons?
pain and swelling that occur upon injury or infection
Describe inflammatory response
histamines
Mast cells hold ________.
cause blood vessels to dilate, bringing extra blood which causes swelling in the tissues
What do histamines do?
phagocytes to come and help deal with the infection
Swelling in the tissues attracts what to do what?
destroy infected or cancerous cells
What do natural killer cells do?
a defense response that is enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen
Define acquired immunity
Lymphocytes
White blood cells are also called what?
bone marrow
B – cells mature where?
thymus
T- cells mature where?
infection; job
White blood cells fight _______, but each has a specific ___.
antigen, antigen receptors, antibody / immunoglobulin, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
List the factors of recognition
a foreign molecule that is recognized and gets a response from lymphocytes
Describe antigen
lymphocytes
Antigen receptors are found on _________.
epitopes
Antigen receptors recognize the __________ of antigens.
a soluble form of the antigen receptor that can be secreted by the B-cell
What is antibody / immunoglobulin (Ig)?
an infected cell protein that displays a fragment of the antigen for white blood cells to recognize.
What is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
found in most cells, and calls cytotoxic T-cells that use toxins to kill the infected cell
Describe MHC Class 1
found in dendritic cells and macrophages, which are called antigen presenting cells. They use Class II MHC’s to call helper T- cells that assist other lymphocytes.
Describe MHC Class 2
cloning of lymphocytes in response to a binding an antigen
Describe clonal section
effector; memory cells
When exposed to an antigen a B or T cell will divide rapidly making _______ cells to attack and _______ ____to store incase of future invasion.
primary immune response
The clonal selection is the _________ _______ ___________.
about 10 to 17 days after infection
The Primary Immune Response peaks when?
upon another exposure to the same antigen, the reserved memory cells are called upon in greater numbers
Describe Secondary Immunne Response
response peaks 2-7 days after exposure and last longer
Secondary Immune Response peaks when?
secrete antibodies to bind to antigens in the blood or lymph
What do B cells do?
secrete proteins that kill infected cells
What do Cytotoxic T-cells do?
T- cells; MHC molecules
Cytotoxic T-cells must be signaled by helper ______ and/ or ___ _______.
antigen presenting cells (class II MHC)
What are Helper T cells activated by?
release cytokines
What do Helper T cells do?
call upon B and T cells to act
What do cytokines do?
clonal selection of B cells. Usually fights pathogens not in cells yet
Describe humoral response
the antibodies secreted can neutralize pathogens or make them targets for phagocytes
What is the main purpose of humoral response?
cytotoxic T-cells destroy infected cells
Describe cell mediated response
B-Cell and T-Cell
Helper T-Cells can call for what cells to act?
secondary
Active immunity is _________ response.
antibodies passive from mother to fetus can cause a secondary like response the first time a fetus is exposed to infection
Describe passive immunity
Passed across the placenta(IgG) and breast milk (igA)
What passes down passive immunity?
introducing an antigen into the body to elicit clonal selection
Describe vaccination
exaggerated responses to antigens. Can trigger mast cell to elicit a an inflammatory response
Describe allergies
Autoimmune disease
Sometimes the immune system turns against certain molecules naturally in the body. This is known as what?
DNA histones in breaking down cells
Lupus is against what?
cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis is against what?