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Host and Defense > Immune System Failure: Pathogen Evasion and Immunodeficiency > Flashcards

Immune System Failure: Pathogen Evasion and Immunodeficiency Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen evasion strategies

A 
serotype diversity
antigenic drift
antigenic shift
gene conversion
latency
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2
Q

immune system subversion

A 
endocytic hijacking
protein mimicry
humoral inhibition
inflammation inhibition
immunosuppression
superantigens
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3
Q

what does evasion mean?

A

avoiding the immune system

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4
Q

what does subversion mean?

A

commandeering the immune system

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5
Q

Pathogen Evasion:

-serotype diversity

A

high genetic variability
not necessarily highly mutable
useful for tracking outbreaks
eg: S. pneumoniae

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6
Q

what is a serotype?

A

antigenically different strains of the same pathogen

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7
Q

Pathogen Evasion:

-antigenic drift

A

viral genomes are highly mutable
tied to memory erosion
responsible for vial EPIDEMICS

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8
Q

what is antigenic drift

A

mutations in the viral genome driven by selective pressure as the virus infects a population

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9
Q

Pathogen Evasion:

-Antigenic shift

A

responsible for viral PANDEMICS

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10
Q

what is antigenic shift

A

genetic recombination that leads to significant change in the viral antigens

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11
Q

Pathogen Evasion:

-gene conversion

A

variable surface glycoproteins(VSG) within a population

  • cycling of the VSG
  • humoral evasion
  • VSG gene rearrangement
  • ONE VSG dominate at any time
  • a minority will express other VSGs
  • Trypansosomes is an example
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12
Q

Pathogen Evasion:

-latency

A

reside in immune privileged tissue
reduced viral load
absent or reduced interferon response and MHC I exp
NK and CD8 evasion

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13
Q

what causes a recurrent emergence of latent virus

A

stress
concurrent infection
immunocompromised

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14
Q

what are common viruses that have latency period

A 
CMV
VZV
EBV
HV
parvovirus
adenovirus
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15
Q

Subversion:

Endocytic hijacking

A

utilize endocytosis for cellular entry
prevent lysosome fusion
escape phagosomes
survive autolysosomal environment

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16
Q

Subversion:

-antigen mimicry

A

adult worms coat themselves in host protein
surface antigens are regularly shed
antibody evasion and removal

17
Q

Subversion:

-viral strategies

A

express Fc receptors

  • prevent complement
  • inhibit cytokines
  • reduce production of pro inflamm response
  • block MCH I class
  • immunosuppression
18
Q

Subversion:

-superantigen

A

potent toxins that disrupt immune function

  • Gram positive bacteria
    eg: Staph. aureus, Strep. pyogenes
  • Non-specific T cell activation(non directed)
  • Ab and complement activation
  • some thought that this can induce autoimmunity
19
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

genetically caused immune system deficiency

20
Q

dominant, recessive and x-linked are what type of immunodeficiency

A

primary

21
Q

secondary immunodeficiency

A

immune deficiency caused by environmental factors

22
Q

examples of secondary immunodeficiency are chronic disease, immunosuppressive drugs, HIV, toxins T/F

A

true

23
Q

what is a dominant immunodeficiency?

A

you only one dominant allele for deficiency

24
Q

what is a recessive immunodeficiency?

A

you need to have two recessive alleles for deficiency

25
Q

X-linked disorders: X-linked agammaglobulinemia

A
  • Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) necessary for B-cell signaling
  • BTK on X chromosome
  • BTK males and homozygous females do not develop B cells
  • BTK heterozygous females are carriers(lower B cell response)
26
Q

Classes of primary immunodeficiency

A
  1. humoral (60%) impaired B cells
  2. cellular (10%) impaired T cells
  3. combined (20%) both B and T cell problems
  4. Phagocytic cells (10%)
  5. Complement (<2%)
27
Q

HIV leads to AIDS

A

secondary immunodeficiency
highly mutable
blood and sexual fluid transmission
**TARGETS CD4 T cells

28
Q

Selective IgA deficiency is the most common type of what primary immunodeficiency

A

humoral immunity

29
Q

DiGeorge syndrome, ZAP-70 deficiency, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, chronic mucocutaneous candidasis are what type of primary immunodeficiency?

A

cellular immunity

30
Q

Chronic ganulomatous disease, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency and Chediak-Higashi syndrome are what type of primary immunodeficiency?

A

phagocytic cells

Host and Defense (26 decks)

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