Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence

A

The innate immune system

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2
Q

Name some features of the innate immune system

A
Skin
Mucus
Cilia
Tears/saliva
Stomach acid
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3
Q

What is an antigen

A

A large molecule on the surface of a cell/virus that can be used to determine if the cell/virus is self or non-self

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4
Q

What is the body’s second line of defence

A

The adaptive immune system

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5
Q

Name some features of the adaptive immune system

A
Phagocytosis
fever
Blood clotting
Inflammation
Natural Killer Cells
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6
Q

How does phagocytosis occur

A

Dendritic and macrophage cells engulf the pathogen and hold it internally in a vesicle. The then release enzymes to break down the pathogen

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7
Q

What is an opsonin

A

Any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking a antigen for an immune response

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8
Q

How does blood clotting work

A

Platelets release thromboplastin which turns prothrombin into active thrombin. Thrombin turn Fibrinogen into fibrin fibres which cross over to form a plug

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9
Q

How can blood clotting go wrong

A

By forming an embolism

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation

A

Heat
Swelling
Redness
Pain

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11
Q

Why does inflammation occur

A

Mast cells and Basophils release histamine which causes vasodilation attracting white blood cells

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12
Q

What is the body’s third line of defence

A

Specific immunity

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13
Q

Name the features of specific immunity

A

Humoral immunity

Cell mediated immunity

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14
Q

What happens in antigen presentation

A

Dendritic and macrophage cells bind to the pathogen and enter the lymph where they present the non-self antigens to specific B and T helper cells

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15
Q

What happens in clonal expansion

A

The t-helper releases cytokines which causes the B cell to multiply rapidly. Some develop into plasma cells and others become memory cells

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16
Q

How are antibodies produced

A

The new B plasma cells produce antibodies to attack
the antigen. The antibodies are released into the blood. Antibody-antigen complexes are then destroyed by phagocytes and/or expelled from the body in urine. Remaining B plasma cells and antibodies only remain in the blood for a few weeks.

17
Q

What happens to the B memory cells

A

They remain in the lymph to help identify the pathogen more quickly next time there is an infection

18
Q

List the four ways antibodies work

A

Clump pathogens together
Neutralise toxins by releasing antitoxins
Digest bacterial enzymes (lysis)
Coat pathogens in protein to label them as foreign

19
Q

What is cell mediated immunity

A

T cells are cloned to produce t killer, helper and memory cells. T killer cells locate diseased body cells and kill them to kill the pathogen

20
Q

What can t helper cells do

A

Release cytokines to stimulate phagocytosis

21
Q

What types of immunity are there

A

Innate - born with it

Acquired

22
Q

How can you acquire immunity

A

Actively - exposure to infection, vaccination

Passively - mothers antibodies, injected antibodies

23
Q

Why are most vaccines given in multiple doses

A

First dose induces primary immune response but secondary immune response is more effective

24
Q

How can vaccines be ineffective

A

On a pathogen that mutates very frequently

They don’t fully stimulate an immune response

25
Q

Ethical considerations around vaccination

A

Cost vs efficacy
Protection of the individual compared to herd immunity
The right to autonomy in mandatory programmes
Side effects