what is the study of secreted cell products actions in CNS and PNS?
neuroimmunomodulation
activation of SNS inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in?
suppressed immune function
what are soluble mediators that are produced by immune cells which modify the proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system?
cytokines
activated immune cells can cross the BBB and release what into the brain?
cytokines
what is the trio of inflammatory cytokines?
IL-1
IL-6
TNF
which interleukin is involved in cell proliferation and fever
IL-1
what are all the inflammatory cytokines regulated by?
cortisol
what 2 things negate fever producing response of IL-1?
alpha MSH and endogenous IL-1 receptor
what are some things that stimulate the production of cytokines?
trauma, infection and inflammation and psychological stressors
what produces IL-1?
glial cells and neurons
what cytokine is elevated in AIDs and alzheimers and contributes to behavioral disturbances?
IL-1
what offsets the negative effects of elevated IL-1?
endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist
what down-regulates IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and CRF to help regulate the neuroendocrine axis?
cortisol
what is produced by macrophages, mediates inflammation, can suppress thyroid function which can contribute to fatigue and lethargy?
tumor necrosis factor- TNF-a
what inhibits TNF?
vagal cholinergic stimulation
what suppresses macrophage activation and synthesis of antibodies by B cells?
ACTH
what decreases the activity of T cells and natural killer cells?
gonadotropins
what inhibits I cell proliferation and inflammatory cascade?
somatostatin and VIP
what can increase lymphocyte proliferation and antibody synthesis?
GH and prolactin
lymphocytes possess receptors for what products of immune regulation?
VIP
NYP
substance P
what is decreased in spinal cord injury patients?
NK cell function
T cell function
CAMs
these all function in immune function and wound healing
what coordinates the response to stress through the release of soluble products from the SNS and HPA axis?
hypothalamus
what can produce neurologically active peptides including ACTH, CRF, GH, thyrotropin, PRL, hCG, endorphins, enkephalins, substance P, somatostatin, VIP?
immune cells
what are likely important mediators of the HPA response to immune stimuli?
cytokines
what are some of the benefits of melatonin?
enhances immune system
antioxidant
sleep aid
lowers cholesterol and BP
what is known as reduced visual capacity?
amblyopia
what is a nerve growth factor that binds to specific receptors and promotes neuronal survival?
neurotrophin class of neurotrophic factors
target tissues play a critical role in regulating the number of surviving neurons by secreting a variety of?
neurotrophic factors
elimination of neurotrophic factors and their receptors lead to?
neuronal death- apoptosis
transection of the axon
axotomy
most injuries in the nervous system involve damage to?
axons
with regard to the pleasure circuit of a rat, what projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, striatum, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex?
dopaminergic projections
what area (nucleus) is associated with gabaergic projections to the ventral tegmental area?
nucleus accumbens
between PNS and CNS, which has better regeneration after injury?
PNS- regenerated axons can form functional nerve endings
-neuromuscular junctions, muscle spindles glands etc
CNS- little regeneration here and long distance is rare
in all 3 divisions of PNS what is reversible in regards to regeneration?
axotomy
what is the condition where a patient is unable to independently control digits of hand?
focal hand distonia- fingers moving at high rate for long periods of time
even in adults the sensory cortex is constantly?
remodeling
what affect synaptogenesis i.e. synapses increased electric activity when adjacent astrocytes stimulate calcium waves?
glia
astrocytes communicate among themselves and with neurons with?
Ca++ waves
what cells sprout branches that form bridges after nerve damage to guide axons back to injured muscle?
schwann glial cells
what glia in CNS are important for pH regulation?
oligodendrocytes
what is the neural circuit associated with emotion and higher cognitive function?
Papez ciruit
what glia in the CNS function as macrophages in the CNS?
microglia
what part of the hypothalamus controls thirst, eating, increased activity level, rage and fighting?
lateral hypothalamus
what part of the hypothalamus controls satiety and tranquility?
ventromedial nucleus
what part of the hypothalamus controls fear and punishment reactions?
periventricular nucleus or central gray
what part of the hypothalamus controls sexual drive?
anterior and posterior regions
which center is located along the course of the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral and VM of hypothalamus?
reward center- positive reinforcement
which center is located in the central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius extending into thalamus and hypothalamus?
punishment center- negative reinforcement
what is a bilateral ablation of the amygdala?
Symptoms include loss of fear, oral fixation, excessive sex drive, diet changes, indifferent to pain
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
where is pleasure perceived, addiction present, behavior is pulled forward by pleasure as well as pain?
medial forebrain pleasure circuit
where are endogenous opiate receptors found?
cerebral cortex- LD
amgydala and hypothalamus- HD
what constitutes 1/2 the volume of the brain and outnumber neurons 10:1?
glial cells
what are the 3 types of glial cells?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
what cells store almost all the glycogen present in brain, can fuel neurons with lactate from glucose, control environment of neurons and transport substances through the blood?
astrocytes
what cells make and sustain myelin and are involved in pH regulation, iron metabolism?
oligodendrocytes
what are the macrophages of the CNS, 20% of glia, phagocytic and mediate immune responses in the brain?
microglia