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Human Anatomy > Human Anatomy - The integumentary system > Flashcards

Human Anatomy - The integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

The skin is our _______ organ composed of all 4 ____ types.

A

Largest

tissue

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2
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A
  1. Nervous tissue
  2. Muscle Tissue
  3. Connective Tissue
  4. Epithelial Tissue
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3
Q

The skin is divided into what two layers?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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4
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Where is the hypodermis located relative to the dermis?

A

Deep

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7
Q

What constitutes the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue and connective tissue (areolar)

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8
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A 
PREAPS
P - Protection
R - Regulation of body temperature
E - Excretion
A - Absorption
P - Production of vitamin D
S - Sensory reception
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9
Q

What are the two cell types in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes and melanocytes.

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10
Q

Where are keratinocytes located?

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Produce keratin (protection)

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12
Q

At the skin surface, what is the state of keratinocytes?

A

Dead

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13
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

Stratum basale

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14
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Manufacture and secrete melanin

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15
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep) and which is only present in thick skin?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum - only in thick skin
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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16
Q

What is a callus?

A

Thickening of the epidermis due to repeated friction.

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17
Q

What is a blister?

A

Separation of the epidermis from dermis by a fluid-filled pocket.

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18
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A
  • Deepest layer of the epidermis
  • Attached to underlying dermis
  • Cells actively divide (single row of youngest keratinocytes)
  • Also contains melanocytes
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19
Q

What is the stratum spinosum (spiny layer)?

A
  • 8-10 cells layers thick
  • small amount of mitosis
  • contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments
  • contains star-shaped Langerhans cells (macrophage)
  • 2nd deepest layer
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20
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

1-5 layers of flat, dying keratinocytes

- contains lamellar granules that release waterproofing glycolipid

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21
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

Only appear in thick skin on palms and soles of feet

- composed of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

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22
Q

What is the stratum corneum (horny layer)?

A

25-30 cell layers thick of dead keratinocytes containing only keratin

  • continuously shed
  • protects skin against abrasion and penetration
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23
Q

______ cells divide to produce keratinocytes.

A

Stem

24
Q

As keratinocytes are pushed upwards towards the surface, they fill with what?

A

Keratin

25
Q

The typical journey of a keratinocyte last how long? What can modify this?

A

4 weeks. Can be modified by abrasion of the outer layers.

26
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Autoimmune, chronic disorder.
Caused by keratinocytes that divide and move more rapidly than normal through the epidermis.
This causes cells to pile up on the skin surface. These resembles flaky silvery, scales.

27
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The second major layer of the skin.

28
Q

What characterizes the dermis?

A
  • Strong, flexible connective tissue
  • Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
  • Holds the body together like a body stocking - animal hide
29
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

30
Q

The papillary layer consists of the top __% of the dermis.

A

20

31
Q

The papillary layer is composed of _______ _______ tissue.

A

Areolar connective

32
Q

The papillary layer is named due to what?

A

Its finger like projections called dermal papillae.

33
Q

What are the functions of dermal papillae?

A
  • Anchors epidermis to dermis (reduce blister formation)
  • contains capillaries that feed the epidermis
  • increase surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes
34
Q

The reticular layer has what kind of tissues and fibres?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue with thick interlacing collagen and elastic fibres

35
Q

The tissue and fibres of the reticular layer function for what?

A

Provide strength, extensibility and elasticity to the skin. This gives stretch-recoil properties to the skin,

36
Q

Extreme stretching due to pregnancy or obesity lead to tearing of _______ in the dermis resulting in ______ ______.

A

Collagen; stretch marks

37
Q

What three pigments contribute to skin colour?

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

38
Q

Which of the skin pigments is the most important?

A

Melanin

39
Q

What are the colour ranges of melanin?

A

yellow-red-brown-black

40
Q

What colour is carotene and where does it come from?

A

Yellowish pigment obtained from carrots and tomatoes

41
Q

Where does carotene accumulate?

A

Stratum corneum and hypodermis

42
Q

Caucasian skin has contains little ________; epidermis is nearly ________. This allows the crimson colour of ______ to show through.

A

melanin
transparent
Blood

43
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Deep to the skin
contains areaolar and adipose connective tissue
anchors skin to underlying structures
helps insulate the body and protect against skin infections

44
Q

What is another word for hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia

45
Q

What is a first degree burn?

A

Epidermis is damaged

46
Q

What is a second degree burn?

A

Upper part of dermis is also damaged

47
Q

What is a third degree burn

A

Consumes thickness of skin

48
Q

What are the three common forms of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melonoma

49
Q

Basal cell carcinoma _____ metastasizes.

A

rarely

50
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma _____ metastasize.

A

May

51
Q

Malignant melanoma _______ metastasizes.

A

Rapidly

52
Q

_______ is the most common cancer in young women. This cancer arises from ________. The key to treatment is ______ _______. Risk factors include ____ colour, ___ exposure, _____ history, ___ and ___________ status.

A 
Malignant melanoma
Melanocytes
Early detection
Skin
Sun
Family
Age
Immunological status
53
Q

The _________ thins as the germinative cell activity declines.

A

epidermis

54
Q

Why does the epidermis thin?

A

Due to decline in germinative cell activity.

55
Q

As we age, _____ activity decreases.

A

Melanocyte.

56
Q

What is the basis of wrinkles?

A

As we age, the dermis thins, we lose elastic fibres and collagen production slows down.

57
Q

As we age, skin _____ slows.

A

repair

Human Anatomy (53 decks)

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