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Human Anatomy > Human Anatomy Lecture 1 - Before Class > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Lecture 1 - Before Class Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another.

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2
Q

Historically, anatomy was studied through _______ but, the advent of _______ has advanced the field?

A

Dissection

Modern imaging techniques

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3
Q

What is the hierarchy of structural organization?

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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4
Q

What does the term “superior” refer to?

A

Towards the head

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5
Q

What does the term “inferior” refer to?

A

Away from the head

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6
Q

What do the terms “ventral/anterior” refer to?

A

At the front of the body

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7
Q

What do the terms “dorsal/posterior” refer to?

A

At the back of the body

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8
Q

What does the term “medial” mean?

A

Nearer the midline of the body.

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9
Q

What does the term “intermediate” mean?

A

Between two structures

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10
Q

What does the term “proximal” mean?

A

Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk

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11
Q

What does the term “distal” refer to?

A

Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk

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12
Q

What does the term “superficial” mean?

A

Toward or at the body surface.

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13
Q

What does the term “deep” refer to?

A

Away from the body surface, more internal

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14
Q

What does the term “ipsilateral” refer to?

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

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15
Q

What does the term “contralateral” refer to?

A

On the opposite side of the body as another structure.

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16
Q

What is a plane?

A

A plane, is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body.

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17
Q

What is the anatomical position? Describe it.

A 
Standardized position from which to describe directional terms.
The person is:
-Standing upright
-Facing the observer
- Eyes facing forward
-Feet flat on the floor
-Arms at the sides
-Palms turned forward
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18
Q

What is a section?

A

One of two surfaces (pieces) that results when the body is cut by a plane passing through it.

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19
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

A plane that divides the body or an organ into left and right halves.

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20
Q

What is the midsaggital or median plane?

A

Produces equal halves (left and right)

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21
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

Produces unequal left and right halves

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22
Q

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

A

Divides the body or an organ into front (anterior/ventral) and back (posterior/dorsal) portions.

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23
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Divides the body or organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions.

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24
Q

What is another name for a transverse plane?

A

Horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane

25
Q

What cavities are located in the dorsal body cavity?

A

Cranial and vertebral cavity

26
Q

What cavities are located in the ventral body cavity?

A

Thoracic, abdominopelvic.

27
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

28
Q

What is the vertebral cavity?

A

Formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and the beginning of spinal nerves.

29
Q

The dorsal and ventral cavities are internal body cavities that are _____ to the outside and provide protection to the ______ contained within them.

A

closed

organs

30
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

A

Above the diaphragm

31
Q

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity located?

A

Below the diaphragm

32
Q

What is the diaphgram?

A

Large, dome-shaped muscle used in respiration.

33
Q

Organs within the ventral body cavity are referred to as what?

A

viscera

34
Q

Visceral organs are covered with a ______ membrane.

A

serous

35
Q

The thoracic cavity is encircled by what?

A

Ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle.

36
Q

What is the thoracic cavity subdivided into?

A

Two pleural cavities, each surrounding a lung.
Pericardial cavity, surrounding the heart.
Mediastinum.

37
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Sits between the lungs and extends from the neck to the diaphgram and from the spinal cord to the sternum.

38
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

All thoracic organs except the lungs. These include the heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus

39
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity subdivided into?

A

Abdominal and pelvic cavities

40
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity encircled by?

A

Abdominal wall, bones and muscles of pelvis

41
Q

What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

A

Liver, stomach, spleen, galllbladder, intestines, urinary bladder and reproductive structures

42
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Thin membranes that line body cavities that are NOT open to the oustide.

43
Q

Serous membranes are subdivided into what?

A

Parietal layer, lining the walls of cavities and;

Visceral layer, which covers the viscera within the cavities.

44
Q

What are the membranes of the ventral body cavity?

A

Parietal serosa and visceral serosa. (Also serous fluid)

45
Q

_____ _____ clings to the surface of the lungs.

A

Visceral pleura

46
Q

_____ ____ lines chest wall.

A

Parietal pleura

47
Q

_______ ________ covers the heart.

A

Visceral pericardium

48
Q

______ _______ lines pericardial sac.

A

Parietal pericardium

49
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

50
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum do?

A

Covers the abdominal viscera

51
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum do?

A

Lines the abdominal wall

52
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

Organs located between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall.

53
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

Kidney and adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon

54
Q

What does medical imaging allow and, what is it useful for?

A

Allows for visualization of structures without surgery and is useful for confirmation of diagnosis.

55
Q

What is an X-ray and what is it best used for?

A

Electromagnetic waves of very short length. Best used for visualizing bones and tumours.

56
Q

What is an advanced X-ray technique and, what does it do?

A

CT or CAT scan, computed axial tomography. Takes successive X-rays around a person’s full circumference.

57
Q

What is a pet scan? How does it work?

A

Positron emission tomography.
Detect regions of cellular activity by injecting radioactively labelled sugar/H20 molecules.
Identifies body’s active cells which are indicative of increased blood supply.
As material decays, it produces gamma rays which are detected and visualized.

58
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

High-frequency sound waves echo off the body’s tissues and are used to visualize structures.

59
Q

What is MRI?

A

Magnetic resonance imagery.

Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content (by detected H atoms).

Human Anatomy (53 decks)

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