Host Microbe Interaction Flashcards Preview

Foundations of Biomedical Science (see class description for full access) > Host Microbe Interaction > Flashcards

Flashcards in Host Microbe Interaction Deck (30)
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1
Q

Clinical Infection

A

Infections with signs and symptoms

2
Q

Sub-clinical Infection

A

Infection with pathogen but no symptoms

3
Q

Iatrogenic Infection

A

From a medical practitioner / intervention (hospital)

4
Q

How are respiratory infections transmitted?

A
  • Droplets (cough-sneeze)
  • Saliva
  • Soil-dust
  • water aerosols
5
Q

Zoonoses is a term used for what kind of disease?

A

Diseases transmitted by vectors (insects and animals)

6
Q

Endemic

A

Disease present in a community (region) all the time,

usually only clinical in a few

7
Q

Epidemic

A

Wide spread disease within a community (region),

affecting many people but only occasionally present

8
Q

Pandemic

A

Wide spread epidemic, not confined to a single

community or region (more than one continent)

9
Q

Sporadic

A

Widely scattered disease, occurring singly,

irregularly, infrequently

10
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the spread, frequency, distribution of

disease

11
Q

Explain the difference between Morbidity and Mortality

A

Mortality: Number of deaths caused by infective agent
Morbidity: Number made ill by infective agent

12
Q

Explain the difference between Incidence and Prevalence

A

Incidence: Number of new cases over specific period
Prevalence: Number of cases (infected or diseased) at a given time (old and new cases)

13
Q

In epidemiological terms how would you classify the disease “AIDS”

A

AIDS is a pandemic; wide spread epidemic

14
Q

What factors influence the spread of disease in a community?

A
  • Virulence of the pathogen
  • Pathogen transmission mode
  • Population susceptibility and immunity
15
Q

List four ways of preventing the spread of disease in a community

A
  • Immunisation
  • Prevent contamination of water supplies
  • Isolate diseased persons
  • Educate the public
16
Q

Which disease of the following disease type would most likely spread quickly through the Perth community and why? Gastroenteritis, STI, Respiratory disease

A

STI; HPV 53 was the most prevalent in a WA study, can be spread quickly and easily

17
Q

What are the two branches of the immune system?

A

Innate: Non specific defences which do not require
previous exposure to foreign agent
Adaptive: Response based on specific recognition of invader (foreign agent), consists of antibody mediated and cell mediated responses

18
Q

How does skin protect against bacteria?

A
  • Contains normal flora to provide competition for pathogenic microbes that want to grow on the skin
19
Q

What white blood cells (WBC) types are phagocytic?

A

Neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils

20
Q

What type of white blood cell (WBC) is mainly involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocyte

21
Q

What antibody types are involved in the primary and secondary immune response?

A

Primary: IgM
Secondary: IgG

22
Q

What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?

A

T-lymphocyte

23
Q

List the ways antibodies fight infection.

A
  • Neutralise viruses and toxins
  • Trigger phagocytosis
  • Aggultination
24
Q

List the antibody isotypes

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
25
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation and how do they come about?

A
  • Redness (increased blood flow)
  • Heat (increased blood flow)
  • Swelling (lymphatic fluid)
  • Pain (inflammatory substances released cause pain)
26
Q

Describe the difference between humoral and cell mediated immune responses.

A

Humoral: uses antibodies as main form of immune response

Cell-mediated: uses cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer cells as main form of immune response

27
Q

List and describe the types of T cells

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells

- Natural killer cells

28
Q

What is the MHC and what is its purpose?

A
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex
  • purpose is to bind peptide fragments from pathogens and display them on the cell surface in order to recognised by the appropriate T–cell for destruction
29
Q

Describe the difference between passive and active vaccination

A

Passive:

  • Rely on injected antibodies into the body against a particular antigen
  • Often happens after an infection
  • The recipient does not produce an immune response of their own
  • Short term

Active:

  • Rely on administering an antigen into the body so the body can produce its own antibodies
  • Prophylaxis (prevents future infection)
  • Recipient produces their own immune response and remembers antigen for secondary responses
  • Long term
30
Q

How do autoimmune diseases occur?

A
  • When the immune system attacks itself
  • Example is type 1 diabetes mellitus
  • Destruction of the β-cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
  • β-cells responsible for insulin production
  • Cytotoxic T cells followed by auto-antibodies
  • Anti-Islet cell antibodies (ICA)