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3MB Neurology > Hormuzdi Physiology > Flashcards

Hormuzdi Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which ions have an excitatory effect (depolarizing) on a cell when they influx?

A

Na+

Ca+

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2
Q

Which ion has an inhibitory effect (hyperpolarizing) on a cell with influx?

A

Cl-

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3
Q

Which ion has an inhibitory effect (hyperpolarizing) on a cell with efflux?

A

K+

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4
Q

What would be the effect of an Na channel antagonist on neurotransmission? Give an example of a drug that works like this

A

Closes Na channel, stops Na influx, hyperpolarizing (inhibitory) effect, cell relaxes
e.g. lidocaine in anaesthesia

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5
Q

Influx of which ion, in response to depolarization, causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft?

A

Ca

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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of receptor neurotransmitter can act on in the postsynaptic cell?

A 
Ionotropic receptor (direct)
Metabotropic receptor (indirect)
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7
Q

What is the structural/mechanical difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

A 
Ionotropic = channel molecule
Metabotropic = signalling molecule
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8
Q

The action of a metabotropic receptor is sufficient to illicit an action potential. True/False?

A

False

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9
Q

Which receptor does ACh act on in autonomic ganglia - ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Both!

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10
Q

ACh acting on ionotropic receptors illicits a fast/slow epsp

A

ACh acting on ionotropic receptors illicits a fast epsp

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11
Q

ACh acting on metabotropic receptors illicits a fast/slow epsp

A

ACh acting on metabotropic receptors illicits a slow epsp

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12
Q

Out of ACh, GABA, glycine and glutamine, which are excitatory and which are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory: ACh, glutamine
Inhibitory: GABA, glycine

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13
Q

GABAa is the ionotropic/metabotropic receptor and GABAb is the ionotropic/metabotropic receptor

A

GABAa is the ionotropic receptor and GABAb is the metabotropic receptor

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14
Q

How do benzodiazepines work in terms of GABA inhibition?

A

Positively modulate GABAa receptor to enhance GABA neuro-inhibition

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15
Q

What is the normal frequency range for sound that humans can hear?

A

20-20,000 Hz

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16
Q

Which ossicle converts rhythmic sound energy to mechanical energy in the middle ear?

A

Stapes at oval window

17
Q

What is impedance matching of sound?

A

Ossicles overcome loss of sound pressure caused by fluid by amplifying stimulus by 30dB

18
Q

What are the 3 fluid-filled cavities of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli, tympani and media

19
Q

Which membrane separates the scala vestibuli and media?

A

Reissner’s membrane

20
Q

Which membrane separates the scala media and tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

21
Q

Which fluid - endolymph or perilymph - is present in the scala media?

A

Endolymph

22
Q

Which fluid - endolymph or perilymph - is present in the scala vestibuli?

A

Perilymph

23
Q

Which fluid - endolymph or perilymph - is present in the scala tympani?

A

Perilymph

24
Q

The basilar membrane is flexible and vibrates with fluid motion. Which end of the membrane is wider and how does this relate to pitch?

A

Wide at apex of cochlea, narrow at base

High pitch/frequency received at base

25
Q

Stereocilia transduction is caused by K efflux. True/False?

A

False!

K influx causes depolarisation in this case

26
Q

The auditory system has two types of hair cell - describe their function

A

Inner hair cells perceive sound (CN VIII)

Outer hair cells regulate sound (superior olivary complex)

27
Q

What are the two methods by which the auditory nerve codes frequency of sound?

A 
Place code (area of basilar membrane)
Temporal code (no. of action potential peaks)
28
Q

Which vestibular structures aid head rotation?

A

Semicircular canals

29
Q

Which vestibular structures aid translational (linear) head movement?

A

Utricle
Saccule
(otolith organs)

30
Q

What displaces hair cells in the vestibular labyrinth?

A

Acceleration/gravity

31
Q

List the 3 main vestibular reflexes

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Vestibulo-colic reflex
Vestibulo-spinal reflex

32
Q

At rest, photoreceptors are depolarised. True/False?

A

True

33
Q

What causes depolarisation in photoreceptors?

A

Dark current at rest involving Na influx through cGMP channel

34
Q

What causes hyperpolarisation in photoreceptors?

A

Light causes less Na influx so Vm is closer to Ek which causes K efflux

35
Q

Which cells - ganglion, bipolar or photoreceptors - generate action potentials?

A

Ganglion cells

3MB Neurology (17 decks)

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