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Vet Tech > Hormone, Endocrine, Repro > Flashcards

Hormone, Endocrine, Repro Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is composed of ___________ that secrete chemical messengers called __________ into the blood.

A

ductless glands, hormones

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2
Q

The endocrine system is controlled by a?

A

Feedback mechanism

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3
Q

The endocrine system consists includes?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland and other endocrine glands

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4
Q

Hormones are?

A

Chemical substances produced by cells in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where they influence cellular activity.

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5
Q

Two major control systems linked together by the hypothalamus?

A

Nervous and endocrine

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6
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, ovaries, testes, pancreas, kidneys

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7
Q

Hormones administered for two basic reasons

A

Correct a deficiency and achieve a desired effect

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8
Q

Administered hormones

A

Exogenous

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9
Q

Naturally produced

A

Endogenous

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10
Q

Endogenous hormones are?

A

Naturally produced

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11
Q

Exogenous hormones are?

A

Administered

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12
Q

Master gland

A

Pituitary

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13
Q

Two lobes of the pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

Nerohypophysis

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Exerts control over anterior pituitary lobe

Uses releasing hormones of factors

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15
Q

The anterior pituitary lobe releases ______ hormones into the circulation.

A

trophic

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16
Q

Anterior pituitary lobe stimulates?

A

target organs

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17
Q

Feedback loops may be either?

A

Positive or negative

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18
Q

What feedback loop is more common?

A

Negative

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19
Q

What feedback loop responds to low or high levels of hormone in the body?

A

Negative

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20
Q

What feedback look occurs when hormone levels continue to rise in response to stimuli?

A

Positive

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21
Q

What gland is controlled by hypothalamus by releasing factors?

A

Pituitary

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22
Q

Anterior pituitary lobe

A

Adenohypophysis

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23
Q

Posterior pituitary lobe

A

Neurohypophysis

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24
Q

Adenohypophysis releases _______ hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, LTH, and GH

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25
Q

Adenohypophysis is _____ acting

A

indirect

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26
Q

What part of the pituitary gland causes target organ to release another hormone to cause an action?

A

Anterior/ Adenohypophysis

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27
Q

What part of the pituitary gland secretes ADH and oxytocin?

A

Posterior/ Neurohypophysis

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28
Q

Neurohypophysis is _______ acting

A

direct

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29
Q

What part of the pituitary gland produces and effect directly on an organ?

A

Posterior/ Neurohypophysis

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30
Q

TSH=

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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31
Q

ACTH=

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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32
Q

FSH=

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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33
Q

LH=

A

Luteinizing hormone

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34
Q

GH=

A

Growth hormone

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35
Q

TSH is used in?

A

Diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism

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36
Q

ACTH is used?

A

To stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids in the diagnosis of adrenal cortex disease.

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37
Q

GH is used?

A

To increase growth rate and feed use efficiency in livestock and increase milk production in dairy cows.

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38
Q

ADH=

A

Anti Diuretic Hormone

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39
Q

ADH is used?

A

To treat diabetes insipidus

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40
Q

Diabetes insipidus is?

A

A disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine due to insufficient amounts of ADH.

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41
Q

Oxytocin is used?

A

To aid in uterine contraction and induce labor labor in animals at term, expel the placenta, induce milk letdown, and as an adjunct therapy for animals with open pyometra.

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42
Q

What feedback loop has adequate amounts in plasma signal to decrease production?

A

Negative

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43
Q

What feedback loop has decreased amounts that increase production?

A

Positive

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44
Q

Applies to release of oxytocin

A

Neurohormonal Reflex

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45
Q

The neurohormonal reflex is initiated by?

A

Udder stimulation by calf or milker
Stimulation of uterus/vagina for parturition
Stimulation of cerebral cortex by sensory stimuli associated with milking or nursing

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46
Q

Drugs that act similarly to hormones

A

Gonadotropins

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47
Q

Gonadotropins may be prepared from?

A

Pituitary glands of slaughtered animals

Urine of pregnant women or horses

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48
Q

Gonadorelin treats?

A

Cystic follicles, chorionic gonadotropin, cystic follicles, male infertility and cryptorchidism.

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49
Q

Estrogen

A

Promotes female sex characteristics and stimulates and maintains the reproductive tract

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50
Q

Synthetic estrogen

A

Used in dogs to prevent implantation of fertilized ova and to correct urinary incontinence, vaginitis, and dermatitis,
Used in cattle to treat persistent corpus luteum, aid in expulsion or retained placentas and mummified feti, and to promote weight gain
Used in horses to induce estrus in the non breeding season.

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51
Q

Estrogen side effects.

A

Can cause severe anemia, may be linked to human cervical cancer, do not give during pregnancy.

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52
Q

Male sex hormones

A

Androgens

53
Q

Male sex hormones are produced in…?

A

Testicles, ovaries, adrenal cortex

54
Q

Androgens promote?

A

Anabolism, weight gain and RBC formation

55
Q

Testosterone

A

Made in interstitial cells of testes
Used to treat conditions such as infertility and hypogonadism, produce estrus detectors, and for testosterone-responsive urinary incontinence in dogs.

56
Q

Types of Androgens

A

Mibolerone and Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine

57
Q

What drug blocks the release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland (therefore the follicle does not fully develop)?

A

Mibolerone

58
Q

What drug is used to prevent estrus in adult female dogs and the treatment of false pregnancies?

A

Mibolerone

59
Q

Adverse side effects of Mibolerone?

A

Premature epiphyseal closure, vaginitis, clitoral hypertrophy, riding and increases body odor. No not use on cats- very low margin of safety.

60
Q

Nonsurgical neutering drug

A

Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine

61
Q

Chemical sterilant approved for use in _________ male dogs

A

3-10 month old

62
Q

Chemical sterilant approved for use in young male dogs?

A

Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine

63
Q

What drug is used as an intratesticular injection?

A

Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine

64
Q

Group of compounds similar to progesterone?

A

Progestins

65
Q

Progestins

A

Increase secretions by endometrium, decreased motility of uterus and increased secretory development of the mammary glands
Can cause elevations of glucose or suppression of adrenals
Used to treat false pregnancy, suppress estrus, behavioral disorders and progestin-responsive dermatitis

66
Q

What drug increases secretions by endometrium, decreased motility of uterus and increased secretory development of the mammary glands

A

Progestins

67
Q

Progestins can cause?

A

elevations of glucose or suppression of adrenals

68
Q

Progestins are used?

A

To treat false pregnancy, suppress estrus, behavioral disorders and progestin-responsive dermatitis

69
Q

Common name for Megesterol acetate?

A

Ovaban

70
Q

Megesterol acetate

A

Labeled for dogs but used in cats for behavioral and dermatitis (Progestins)

71
Q

Side effects of Megesterol acetate (Progestins)

A

Hyperglycemia, adrenal suppression, endometrial hyperplasia and increased appetite.

72
Q

Medroxyprogesterone acetate are used for?

A

Behavioral and dermatological problems (Progestins)

73
Q

Common name for Medroxyprogesterone acetate?

A

Depo-provera (Progestins)

74
Q

Altrenogest

A

Oral drug for equines
Used for suppression of estrus
Easily absorbed through the skin

75
Q

Drug used for the suppression of estrus?

A

Altrenogest (Progestins)

76
Q

Common drug name for Altrenogest?

A

Regu-mate

77
Q

What drug decreases uterine activity when a female is in estrus or pregnant?

A

Progesterone

78
Q

Progestins are used in dogs to block?

A

Estrus

79
Q

What drug is used in cattle to synchronize breeding and birth cycles?

A

Progestins

80
Q

How many classes of Prostaglandins are there?

A

6 classes: A,B,S,D,E,F

81
Q

Prostaglandin F2a causes…?

A

Lysis of corpus luteum, which initiates a new estrus cycle

82
Q

In small animals, what drug is used to treat pyometra, cause abortion and induce parturition?

A

Prostaglandins

83
Q

Prostaglandins are used in cattle for?

A

Estrus synchronization and induce uterine contractions to facilitate emptying of the uterus (pus or fetus)

84
Q

Prostaglandins are used in horses for?

A

Estrus synchronization

85
Q

Most important Prostaglandin in VM?

A

Prostaglandin F2a

86
Q

Prostaglandin F2a uses?

A

Lyses CL uterine contractions, cervical relaxation

87
Q

Prostaglandin F2a causes?

A

Bronchoconstriction
Increased BP
Smooth muscle contractions

88
Q

Two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

T4- Throxine

T3- Triiodothyronine

89
Q

Hypothyroidism is characterized by?

A

Decrease in thyroid hormone

90
Q

Signs of hypothyroidism

A 
Coat and hair luster
Weight gain
Listlessness,
Intolerance to cold
Reproductive failure
91
Q

How is hypothyroidism measured?

A

Serum total T4 and T3 or by a thyroid stimulation test

92
Q

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by ?

A

Increase in thyroid hormone

93
Q

Signs of hyperthyroidism

A

PU/PD, weight loss, increased stool production, restlessness, tachycardia

94
Q

How is hyperthyroidism measured?

A

Total T4 and T3

95
Q

How is hyperthyroidism treated?

A

Antithyroid drugs, radiotherapy or surgical removal

96
Q

Common thyroid drug?

A

Methimazole (tapazole)

97
Q

Two hormones of the pancreas?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

98
Q

Insulin

A

Responds to a rise in blood glucose and promotes the uptake and use of glucose for energy in cells

99
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

100
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of?

A

Fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism caused by a lack of or inefficient use of insulin

101
Q

Diabetes mellitus is treated by?

A

Diet changes and medically

102
Q

Insulin is used to treat?

A

Diabetes mellitus by keeping blood glucose in the proper range

103
Q

Sources of insulin

A

Pork, synthetic and recombinant forms

104
Q

Type of insulin used for initial treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and keep blood glucose stable?

A

Short-acting (regular,crystalline insulin, semilente))

105
Q

Type of insulin used to control blood glucose in uncomplicated cases of diabetes mellitus?

A

Intermediate-acting (NPH and lente)

106
Q

Type of insulin used to control blood glucose for longer periods of time, especially in cats?

A

Long-acting (Protamine zinc insulin and ultralente))

107
Q

Oral hypoglycemic agents work by?

A

Stimulating pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin
Some pancreatic function is needed
More successful in cats

108
Q

Oral hypoglycemic agent?

A

Glipizide

109
Q

2 hormones from Islet of Langerhans

A

Insulin (Beta cell)

Glucagon (Alpha cells)

110
Q

Incidental hyperglycemic agents

A

Corticosteroids, progesterone, epinephrine

111
Q

Primary agents used to treat hypersecretion of insulin from tumors?

A

Hyperglycemic agents

112
Q

Hyperglycemic agents mode of action.

A

Block release of insulin

113
Q

Aldosterone is a…?

A

Mineralocorticoid

114
Q

Cortisol is a…?

A

Glucocorticoid

115
Q

What adrenal cortex hormone regulates nutrient levels in the blood (increase blood glucose)?

A

Glucocorticoids

116
Q

Addison’s disease is…?

A

Adrenocortical insufficiency. Condition associated with adrenal atrophy

117
Q

Signs of Addison’s disease

A

Lethargy, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and PU/PD

118
Q

Addison’s is diagnosed by?

A

ACTH stimulation test

119
Q

Treatment of Addison’s disease?

A

Long-acting mineralcorticoids and corticosteroids

120
Q

Cushing;s disease is…?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism.

121
Q

How is Cushing’s disease characterized?

A

Excessive glucocorticoid production due to prolonged administration of adrenocortical hormones, adrenosortical tumors or pituitary disorders

122
Q

Signs of Cushing’s disease

A

PU/PD, hair loss, peduloud abdomen

123
Q

How is Cushing’s disease diagnosed?

A

ATCH stimulation test or low-dose desamethasone suppression test

124
Q

Treatment of Cushing’s disease?

A

Destroying part of the adrenal cortex

125
Q

Growth promoters are used primarily in?

A

Ruminants

126
Q

Growth promoters increases…?

A

Water retention, protein synthesis, fat deposition and possible increased release of growth hormone.

127
Q

What drug is prepared as pellets for SQ implant?

A

Growth promoters

128
Q

Anabolic steroids produce?

A

Tissue building effect

129
Q

Labeled for use in dogs, cats and horses for anorexia, weight loss and denilitation.

A

Anabolic steroids

Vet Tech (3 decks)

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