Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Deck (153)
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1
Q

Describe the basic traits all animals share.

A

All multicellular heterotrophs by ingestion
No cell walls
Muscle and nervous tissue for movement and responding to the environment
Diploid dominant life styles

2
Q

3 tissues (triploblastic), nervous system, looks the same on either side

A

bilateral symmetry

3
Q

symmetrical around a radius (ex: starfish), 2 tissues (diploblastic), no muscle tissue

A

radial symmetry

4
Q

makes the digestive organs/tract, liver, and lungs

A

Endoderm

5
Q

makes skin and nervous tissue

A

ectoderm

6
Q

makes muscles, bones, and the heart

A

mesoderm

7
Q

back/top

A

dorsal

8
Q

front/botton

A

ventral

9
Q

toward the head

A

anterior

10
Q

toward the tail

A

posterior

11
Q

first opening animals (mouth develops first), first development of the digestive tract (Ex: Mollusks, Annelids, and Arthropods)

A

Protostomes

12
Q

second opening animals (anus develops first), first development (Ex: Echinoderms , Chordates (includes humans))

A

Deuterostomes

13
Q

uses our senses to detect environmental stimulus and cues as well as control bodily function

A

nervous system

14
Q

moving the organism about the environment

A

muscular system

15
Q

moving oxygen and nutrients through an organism’s whole body

A

circulatory system

16
Q

to perform gas exchange with the environment (O2 in; CO2 out)

A

respiratory system

17
Q

forms protective covering of structures, such as organs, cavities, and skin. They as a barrier for various molecules. Relies heavily on the cell junctions to function

A

Epithelial tissue

18
Q

binding together and supporting the other tissues of the body

A

connective tissue

19
Q

sense stimuli and relay messages. Basic structure is a neuron.

A

nervous system

20
Q

provides a pulling force within the body. Cells of this tissue are called muscle fibers (composed of actin and myosin fibrils). Second largest consumers of energy.

A

muscle tissue

21
Q

most abundant, acts as “filler material”

A

loose connective tissue

22
Q

fat cells, these are for insulation, E storage, and padding

A

adipose tissue

23
Q

composed of dense collagenous fibers

A

fibrous connective tissue

24
Q

connect bone to bone

A

ligaments

25
Q

connect bone with muscle

A

tendons

26
Q

flexible support material, initial framework for making bone

A

cartilage

27
Q

made from cartilage that has undergone ossification. These cells build bone by depositing Calcium and Magnesium salts in cartilage

A

Bone (osteo tissue)

28
Q

connects the whole organism. Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes.

A

Blood Tissue

29
Q

the watery component of blood tissue containing dissolved substances

A

plasma

30
Q

the cellular component of blood tissue - RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets

A

hematocrit

31
Q

3 basic structures of a neuron

A

dendrite, body, axon

32
Q

receives stimuli from the environment or another cell and sends it to the body of the neuron. Collect and carry stimuli energy in to the cell body (they cover a large area)

A

dendrites

33
Q

collects and bundles the stimuli into one message, also contains the organelles. Takes stimuli from different dendrites and compiles the energy into one signal.

A

body

34
Q

takes the information away from the body of the neuron and toward the brain/muscle/gland. this one arm carries the one compiled signal away toward the next neuron or effector cell

A

axon

35
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

36
Q

striated muscle, voluntary

A

skeletal

37
Q

striated muscle, involuntary

A

cardiac

38
Q

unstriated muscle, involuntary, functions in peristalsis

A

smooth

39
Q

rhythmic contraction of the digestive tract or in moving blood through blood vessels

A

peristalsis

40
Q

above the diaphragm, contains the heart and lungs, protected by the ribs

A

thoracic cavity

41
Q

below the diaphragm, contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

A

abdominal cavity

42
Q

maintaining a steady internal state

A

homeostasis

43
Q

stops a process already in motion and reverses the effect

A

negative feedback loop

44
Q

enhances a process already in motion

A

positive feedback loop

45
Q

the three steps of sensing a stimulus and responding.

A
  1. sensory input
  2. integration
  3. motor output
46
Q

stimulus sent into the brain or spinal cord. Sensory receptors receive a stimulus from the environment

A

sensory input

47
Q

a form of energy such as electromagnetic (light), mechanical (pressure), and sound waves

A

stimulus

48
Q

the interpretation of the energy by the Central Nervous System (CNS) (“thinking” about the stimulus)

A

integration

49
Q

out of the brain or spinal cord, this response is carried out by effector cells

A

motor output

50
Q

muscles or glands, have an effect on your body

A

effector cells

51
Q

this includes the Sensory receptors and motor nerves

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

52
Q

a lipid layer of insulation around the axon created by Schwann Cells. It prevents the electrical energy of the neuron from burning the overlying muscle tissue.

A

Myelin Sheath

53
Q

the gap between neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

A

synapse`

54
Q

How do signals cross the synapse?

A

Signals cross the synapse using neurotransmitters.

55
Q

the chemical, produced by the neuron, used to transmit the signal across the gap. The most common is Acetylcholine.

A

neurotransmitter

56
Q

the most common neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

57
Q

for the collection of sound waves from the external surrounding environment

A

outer ear

58
Q

a cartilaginous structure that acts like an antenna for collecting sound waves

A

pinna

59
Q

concentrates the energy as it moves toward the middle ear

A

auditory canal

60
Q

the ear drum, converts the sound wave energy into vibrations

A

tympanic membrane

61
Q

for the amplification of energy traveling toward the inner ear

A

middle ear

62
Q

the hammer

A

malleus

63
Q

the anvil

A

incus

64
Q

the stirrup, it bangs on the oval window to create ripples inside the cochlea

A

stapes

65
Q

the smallest bones in the body and are responsible for amplifying the vibration energy.

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

66
Q

tubes that connect with the throat and act as a pressure valve for the inner ear

A

eustachian tube

67
Q

Converts the amplified vibration energy into fluid wave energy

A

oval window

68
Q

where the transduction of fluid waves into electrical energy occurs - the type of energy the brain can understand.

A

inner ear

69
Q

shaped like a snail shell, this organ is located in the temporal bone of the skull. It contains perilymph fluid that is used to make ripples.

A

cochlea

70
Q

runs on top of the Cochlear duct

A

vestibular canal

71
Q

runs on bottom of the Cochlear duct and ends at the round window

A

tympanic canal

72
Q

Cochlear Duct contains the ________ of ______ (where the hairs are located)

A

organ, corti

73
Q

contains the mechanoreceptor hairs

A

basilar membrane

74
Q

bends the hairs as the ripple energy passes over top

A

tectorial membrane

75
Q

Hairs bend causing neurons of the auditory nerve to create an action potential (_______ energy)

A

electrical

76
Q

absorbs the ripple so as not to create waves in the opposite direction

A

round window

77
Q

________ allow us to keep balance. They are located in the Inner Ear.

A

mechanoreceptors

78
Q

the covering of the Utricle and Saccule (perilymph reservoirs)

A

vestibule

79
Q

three on each side of the head. The actual organs that detect balance and motion. they are filled with perilymph fluid

A

semi-circular canals

80
Q

the swelling located at the end of a canal. Contains the cupula

A

ampulla

81
Q

contains the embedded mechanoreceptors

A

cupula

82
Q

eye white

A

sclera

83
Q

contains the blood vessels and black pigment for reducing sun light glare

A

choroid

84
Q

involved with mucous production to keep the eye cells moist

A

conjunctiva

85
Q

inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis

86
Q

clear part of the sclera, acts as a fixed lens, prevents debris from entering

A

cornea

87
Q

“colored” choroid, controls the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil, operated by smooth muscle

A

iris

88
Q

site of the photoreceptors, appears yellow upon dissection

A

retina

89
Q

receptors cells for seeing black, white, and shades of gray, most abundant in all animals having these structures, they possess Rhodopsin Pigments

A

rods

90
Q

receptor cells for seeing colors, are outnumbered 20:1 by the rods, found in vertebrates, possess photopsin pigments (red, blue, green)

A

cones

91
Q

structure that focuses light, made of a transparent, stretchable protein called crystalline

A

lens

92
Q

focusing of the eye for near or distant vision

A

accommodation

93
Q

misshaped lens

A

stigmatism

94
Q

nearsighted

A

myopia

95
Q

farsighted

A

hyperopia

96
Q

lens degeneration with old age

A

presbyopia

97
Q

“cloudy lens”

A

cataract

98
Q

too much vitreous humor; results in too much pressure in the eye

A

glaucoma

99
Q

muscles that stretch the lens

A

ciliary body

100
Q

the fluid in the front of the eye

A

aqueous humor

101
Q

the fluid in the back of the eye

A

vitreous humor

102
Q

one for each eye, goes toward the brain

A

optic nerve

103
Q

collects rights and lefts in to one side of brain

A

optic chiasm

104
Q

groups of neurons that made the right of left side picture

A

lateral geniculate nuclei

105
Q

site of integration of halves into 1 picture

A

Primary Visual Cortex of the Occipital Lobe of Cerebrum

106
Q

movement, refers to active movement of an organism or object. Second largest consumer of ATP energy within an organism because the organism has to overcome gravity and friction.

A

locomotion

107
Q

little gravity, much friction. Fusiform (torpedo shaped) body reduces friction

A

water

108
Q

much gravity, much friction, massive amounts of energy to be consumed to overcome

A

air

109
Q

much gravity, little friction, muscular limbs to overcome gravity

A

land

110
Q

blood bathes the organs by moving through the sinuses, this system has a tubular heart with directional arteries to distribute blood (Arthropods and some mollusks)

A

open circulatory system

111
Q

blood is confined to traveling through blood vessels under pressure, a muscular chambered heart mostly (not in annelids)

A

closed circulatory system

112
Q

chambers that receive blood coming into the heart, composed of a thin layer of muscle tissue

A

atriums

113
Q

chambers that pump blood away from the heart, composed of a thick layer of muscle tissue

A

ventricles

114
Q

large blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

A

arteries

115
Q

medium sized vessels carrying blood away from the heart

A

arterioles

116
Q

smallest blood vessels where nutrients and oxygen diffuse out

A

capillaries

117
Q

small blood vessels that collect waste materials from the tissues

A

venules

118
Q

large blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart

A

veins

119
Q

Where is our respiratory system located in the body?

A

in the thoracic cavity

120
Q

back of mouth

A

pharynx

121
Q

top of trachea

A

larynx

122
Q

muscular flap covers the trachea by bending over the opening

A

epiglottis

123
Q

site of gas exchange by diffusion (if it is a wet surface), only one cell layer thick allowing for rapid diffusion of gases, surrounded by capillary beds (makes it two cell layers thick leads to rapid diffusion in and out), WBCs keep these areas clean

A

alveoli

124
Q

eat plants

A

herbivores

125
Q

eat meat

A

carnivores

126
Q

eat plants and meat

A

omnivores

127
Q

breakdown of food
Accomplished through enzymatic hydrolysis primarily
Aided by mechanical digestion as well
Food molecules then undergo absorption into the circulatory system or diffusion into the surrounding tissues
Digestion started as the gastrovascular cavity then evolved into a two opening digestive tract (alimentary canal).

A

digestion

128
Q

starts digestion by breaking food up into smaller pieces

A

mouth/teeth

129
Q

muscular tube sucks food up into the tract

A

pharynx

130
Q

structures lubricates food for passage through the tract

A

esophagus

131
Q

food storage

A

crop

132
Q

food breakdown

A

gizzard

133
Q

Crop and gizzard become one organ, the _______.

A

stomach

134
Q

organ finishes food breakdown and food absorption

A

small intestines

135
Q

organ is for waste collection and water reabsorption

A

large intestines

136
Q

where waste material exits the body

A

anus

137
Q

the continuous control of water and solute concentrations within an organism (a part of homeostasis). This regulation occurs across a transport epithelium.

A

osmoregulation

138
Q

Where do the nitrogenous wastes come from that we must get rid of?

A

Ammonia is created from using amino acids for energy production

139
Q

requires lots of water to dispose (fish and other aquatic invertebrates)

A

ammonia

140
Q

requires moderate amounts of water in disposal (mammals and amphibians)

A

urea

141
Q

requires very little water (birds and reptiles)

A

uric acid

142
Q

the basic unit of the kidney, structures where blood is actually purified

A

nephrons

143
Q

blood vessel that brings polluted blood into the kidneys

A

renal artery

144
Q

blood vessel takes purified blood away from the kidneys

A

renal vein

145
Q

the outer part of the kidney where the nephrons are located (site of urine production)

A

renal cortex

146
Q

middle part of the kidney (site of urine collection from the nephrons)

A

renal medulla

147
Q

where urine is collected from the nephrons

A

collection tubules

148
Q

triangular shaped structures in the medulla, collection tubules converge to form these

A

renal pyramids

149
Q

the main collection area (in the center of the kidney) for the collection tubes

A

renal pelvis

150
Q

these are the extensions (inlets) off the central pelvis that connect to the pyramids.

A

calyxs

151
Q

two tubes that take the urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureter

152
Q

the expandable urine storage organ (composed of transitional epithelium)

A

bladder

153
Q

tube leading from the bladder to outside of the body

A

urethra