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Flashcards in HEENT Deck (131)
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1
Q

what does HEENT stand for?

A
Head face and neck
Eyes
Ears
Nose mouth
Throat
2
Q

swelling of the lymph nodes

A

lymphademia

3
Q

opening between the upper and lower lid

A

Palpebral fissure

4
Q

inner corner of eye, tear duct

A

Caruncle

5
Q

what tube connects the ear and the nose?

A

Eustachian Tube

6
Q

ear wax

A

Cerumen

7
Q
What CN is involved with hearing? 
number
function
abnormal finding
test
A
Vestibulocochlear
VIII
sense of earing, balance, equilibrium 
Diminished hearing
Whispered voice test, hearing test
8
Q
What CN is involved with smell? 
number
function
abnormal finding
test
A
Olfactory
I
sense of smell
Anosmia (unilateral)
smell test (coffee, alcohol swab, cinnamon)
9
Q

also known as smell blindness, is the loss of the ability to detect one or more smells

A

Anosmia

10
Q

what structure warms and filters air in the nose?

A

Turbinates

11
Q
What CN is involved with Taste? 
number
function
abnormal finding
test
A

Facial, VII
Taste (anterior 2/3), sweet/ salty
altered taste
sweet/ salty test

Glassopharyngeal, IX
Taste (posterior 1/3), sour/ bitter
absence of gag reflex, altered taste
gag reflex, sour/ bitter test

12
Q

Nasopharynx

A

the upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate.

13
Q

taste buds

A

papillae

14
Q

what are the symptoms form meningitis?

A

stiff neck (espically when looking down), headache, fever

15
Q

what are the symptoms form Meningitis?

A

stiff neck (espically when looking down), headache, fever

16
Q

A mild to moderate headache often described as feeling like a tight band around the head.
Multiple factors can bring on this type of headache, including stress, inadequate sleep, and thigh muscles in the shoulders, neck, scalp and jaw.

A

Tension headache

17
Q

Bouts of frequent attacks, may last from weeks to months, usually followed by long periods of remission. Pain is severe (stabbing), unilateral, usually behind the eye.

A

Cluster headaches

18
Q

Build-up of pressure within the sinus cavities. Pain is centered behind the forehead and cheek bones

A

Sinus Headache

19
Q

Headache caused by changes in the brain and blood vessels. Symptoms include pains, N/V, visual changes (sensitivity to light).

A

Migraine Headache

20
Q

Describe how to tell the difference in CSF and blood from the ear

A

CSF is clear

A mixture of blood and CSF will have a halo around it if dropped onto fabric.

21
Q

What is the first assessment done with a patient who has suffered a brain injury?

A

change in LOC

22
Q

the perception of 2 images of a single object

A

Diplopia

23
Q

Sudden “floaters” in the field of vision are concerning why?

A

Could indicate retinal detachment

24
Q

if a patient is pulling on the ear complaining of pain what could this mean?

A

inner ear infection b/c it would hurt to pull if it was middle ear pain

25
Q

what could indicate a foreign object in the ear?

A

Ear discharge: clear, bloody, purulent

26
Q

nose bleed

A

epistaxis

27
Q

ringing in the ears

A

tinnitus

28
Q

Subjective data for headaches

A
OPQRSTU
Frequency, duration
Triggering factors
Visual changes prior to onset
Description of pain
Associated symptoms: toothache, vision, neck stiffness
What is done for treatment
29
Q

Subjective data for Ear pain

A
OPQRSTU
Related to infection of mouth, sinus, throat
Pain pulling on ear
Discharge (description of fluid)
Infants: 1st one, frequency, smoking
30
Q

Subjective data for Hearing loss

A
OPQRSTU
Certain sounds that are difficult to hear
Tinnitus
Onset sudden or gradual
Other symptoms (URI)
Recent travel
31
Q

URI

A

Upper respiratory infection

32
Q

Subjective data for Throat

A

OPQRSTU
PND, infection, allergies
Others at home sick or just recovered
Children have a higher incidence of developing strep

33
Q

PND

A

Post Nasal Drip

34
Q

Subjective data for oral lesions

A
Onset
Have you had this before
where are the sores
other symptoms (enlarged lymph nodes may be associated w/ CA or infection)
Sores anywhere else?
35
Q

Inspection of Head, Face and Neck

CN Test

A

Symmetry: eyes, eyebrows, ears, palpebral fissures, nasolabial folds, and sides of the mouth.

CN Test: Facial, VII- smile, frown, puff out cheeks, raise eyebrows, scowl

Trachea deformity
Thyroid: Goiter

36
Q

“smile lines”

A

nasolabial folds

37
Q

Palpation of head, face and neck

CN Test for each

A

Facial sensation
CN test: Trigeminal, V- light facial sensation w/ cotton ball

Temporal tenderness

Mastication
CN test: Trigeminal, V- palpate masseter during clenching

Trachea deformity

Shoulder Shrug
CN test: Accessory, XI- place hands on shoulders and ask to shrug. Rotate head Lft. and Rt. against resistance

38
Q

Palpation of lymph nodes

order of nodes

A

Start at preauricular (infront of tragus), Postauricular (at mastoid process), Submandibular (under jaw), Submental (under apex of chin)

39
Q

Normal node palpation

A

If you can feel them at all they should be movable, discrete, soft, and nontender

40
Q

If nodes are enlarged, bilateral, warm, tender, and firm but freely movable for <14 days’ duration.
This is a sign of what?

A

Acute infection

41
Q

If nodes are clumped together

This is a sign of what?

A

Chronic inflammation

42
Q

If nodes feel like a rock, are unmovable, >3 cm, unilateral, nontender, matted (conglomerated), and fixed to adjacent structures.
This is a sign of what?

A

Cancer

43
Q

Palpation and auscultation of the Thyroid Glad

A

Palpate from behind pt. checking for nodules

If there is goiter, auscultate. Use bell and listen for whooshing. Abnormal if present, indicating hyperplasia of thyroid

44
Q

Bell’s Palsy vs Stroke

A

temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles controlled by CN VII. The entire side of the face will be effected.

In stoke the forehead is often not effected. In addition an arm may also lose movement.

45
Q

the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.

A

hyperplasia

46
Q

Inspection of the Eyes

A

Symmetry of brows and lashes, palpebral fissures, lids are not drooping, conjunctiva, sclera coloring, iris shape, pupils normal size- 3 to 5mm

47
Q

Pupil condition in 5% of pop. one is larger than the other

A

Aniscoria

48
Q

Diagnostic Positions test

What CN are being tested?

A

Cat whiskers test
Observe any EOMs

CN III (oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), VI (Abducen)- all are motor neurons

49
Q

Visual Fields test

What CN are being tested?

A

Confrontation: bring fingers to peripheral of pt. and hold up fingers asking them to identify how many fingers you are holding up

CN II, Optic (vision)

50
Q

Visual Acuity test

What CN are being tested?

A

Snellen Eye Chart, pt. stands 20ft away

CN II, Optic (vision)

51
Q

Corneal Light reflex test

A

“sparkle in your eye” should be in the same place in each eye.

52
Q

PERRLA

A

Pupils are Equal Round Reactive to Light and Accommodating

53
Q

How to test Reactive to Light and Accommodating?

A

Direct response: using a pen light shine into one cornea (pupil should constrict), then shine in the same pupil again (BOTH pupils should constrict).

Accommodation: Position finger 4” in front of nose (pupils should converge and constrict). Then move finger back (pupils should dilate)

54
Q

EOM

A

Extra Ocular Movement

55
Q

Inspection of Ocular Fundus looks at what structures?

A

optic disk, retinal vessels, and macula

56
Q

what should be observed when looking at the Red reflex:

A

should be present bilaterally

57
Q

what should be observed when looking at the Optic disk:

A

located on nasal side of retina; normally creamy yellow-orange to pink, round or oval, with distinct margins

58
Q

what should be observed when looking at the Retinal Vessels:

A

any diseases that affect vascular system show signs in retinal vessels
Macula: darker area lateral to optic disk

59
Q

what should be observed during inspection of ears?

A
External ears
Auditory Canal: foreign bodies, discharge, cerumen
Tympanic Membrane (use otoscope)
60
Q

what should be observed during palpation of ears?

A

Pinna, tragus, lobule, and mastoid process

Note tenderness, bogginess (edema), or crepitus

61
Q

Inflammation of mastoid process could mean what?

A

Possible infection to brain

62
Q

what is the term for “swelling of the optic disk”?

A

Papilledema

63
Q

If margins of the optic disk are blurry what could this be a sign of?

A

ICP

64
Q

What should a normal tympanic membrane look like?

A

Shiny and translucent, pearl-gray color
Flat, slightly retracted at center
Mobile
“cone of light” reflected from the otoscope

65
Q

What do these abnormal TM colors mean?

Red, blue, opaque, white patches, black/ white dots

A

Red: Infection in middle ear- Acute otitis media

Blue: Blood behind drum (in middle ear)- trauma, skull fracture

Opaque: Acute otitis media

Dense white patches: Scaring- sequelae (a series) of infections

Black or white dots on the drum: Colony of growth- fungal infection

66
Q

linea alba

A

line from teeth on buccal membrane

67
Q

Inspection of mouth and oral cavity

CN Test

A

Inspect carefully for lesions; If lesions present, palpate for induration (hardening) with gloved hand

CN XII, Hypoglossal – “stick your tongue out” tongue protrudes in midline

68
Q

Inspection of palates, uvula and tonsils

CN Test

A
CN X, Vagus: “ahhhhh” test gag/ swallow
Tonsils: pink with indentations
1+
2+ normal size, not purulent
3+ touching uvula
4+ touching each other
69
Q

term for bad breath odor

A

Halitosis

70
Q

The indentations on the tonsils are called what?

A

Crypts

71
Q

What is the term for the normal “wavy” finding of gums

A

Stippple

72
Q

Findings in hypo vs hyperthyroidism

A

Hyop: more common, pt. feels cold, wt. gain, edematous face, goiter, dry skin, depression.

Hyper: goiter, wt. loss, exophthalmos, decreased blinking, smooth soft skin, anxiety

73
Q

Term for bulging eyes

A

exophthalmos

74
Q

how are turning forks used to assess hearing

A

conductive loss vs sensorineural

not very reliable

75
Q

What are the causes and manifestations of conductive hearing loss

A

Causes: Otosclerosis, TM infection or scarring, obstruction
Overall decreased ability to hear; gradual or sudden; unilateral or bilateral; helps when others speak louder; cause may be visible with otoscopic exam.

76
Q

What are the unfused cranial structures of an infant skulls called?

A

Fontanels

77
Q

What is a symptom of dehydration in babies heads?

A

Sunken fontanels (check for turgor as well)

78
Q

What is a symptom of ICP in babies heads?

A

Swollen fontanels

79
Q

Describe an infants vision up to 8 mo.

A
  • can use peripheral
  • binocularity developed at 3-4 months
  • macula developed at 8 months
80
Q

What does the macula do?

A

area of keenest vision

81
Q

what is binocularity?

A

the ability of both eyes to focus on an object

82
Q

Describe the changes of the eye in an older adult

A

Pupil size decreases
Visual acuity diminishes gradually after 50y
Decreased tear production (dry eyes)
Lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike- leads to presbyopia
Normally transparent fibers of lens begin to thicken and yellow, the beginning of cataracts

83
Q

In the eyes of older adults, the lens loses elasticity and becomes hard and glasslike. This glasslike quality decreases the ability of the lens to change shape to accommodate for near vision, a condition termed:

A

Presbyopia: term for difficulty seeing near

84
Q

yellowish nodules on sclera from exposure to environmental elements

A

Pingueculae

85
Q

lipid material causes grey/white arc around cornea

A

Arcus Senilis

86
Q

soft yellow plaques occurring on lids at inner canthus

A

Xanthelasma

87
Q

Cataract formation—
Subjective data
objective data

A

a clouding of the crystalline lens due to ultraviolet radiation, and/ or age.

Subjective: cloudy or blurred vision; diplopia; glare from headlights, lamps, or sunlight; poor night vision
Objective: cloudy lens can be observed on inspection.
Red reflex is absent because light cannot penetrate opacity of lens. Pupillary light reflex may be absent.

This is curable with lens replacement surgery.

88
Q

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)—

A

Fatty deposits in macular cause loss of central vision. Peripheral vision is not affected;

89
Q

Glaucoma—

A

a group of diseases that increases intraocular pressure (IOP) and damages the optic nerve. Results in very gradual loss of peripheral vision

Age is the primary risk, and because women live longer, they account for 61% of those with glaucoma.

90
Q

Diabetic retinopathy—

Manifestations

A

damage to the capillaries of the retina.
May result in retinal detachment: acute onset of flashing lights and floaters
“A shadow or diminished vision in one quadrant or one half of visual field“

The leading cause of blindness in adults 25 to 74 years of age. Prevalence has decreased as the result of intensified prevention measures and newer treatments. This could soon be offset by increasing obesity rates.

91
Q

Potential variations in Black populations (3)

A
  • Brown macules (freckles) on sclera
  • Gray-blue color to sclera
  • Yellowish fatty nodules under lids away from cornea
92
Q

Developmental competence: Infants ear

what does this put them at grater risk for?

A
  • Eustachian tube is shorter, wider and more horizontal than adult‘s
  • This makes it easier for pathogens to migrate from the nasopharynx. It is surrounded by lymphoid tissue and is easily occluded.
  • These factors place infants at greater risk for OM than adults- 90% of children <2y have had OM
93
Q

When do infants develop teeth?

When do they lose these teeth for permanent ones?

A

Deciduous teeth erupt 6-24 months; all should appear by 2.5y

Deciduous teeth lost ages 6-12; replaced by permanent

94
Q

a benign milky, bluish-white, opaque area occurring on buccal mucosa; seen more often in Blacks.

A

Leukoedema: turns white when cheek is pulled

95
Q

bony ridge on hard palate seen in 20-35% of Americans; more common in American Indians and Asians

A

Torus Palatinus

96
Q

Bifid Uvula:

A

cleft uvula, is a uvula that is split in two. Occurs in 10% of some American Indian groups

97
Q

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) may develop from infancy to adulthood.

A

Hydrocephalus

98
Q

How does hydrocephalus manifest in children

A

Gradual increase in ICP leads to an actual enlargement of head
Bulging fontanels, Dilated scalp veins, “Sunsetting” eyes

99
Q

How does hydrocephalus manifest in Adults

A

Signs of increased ICPare noted because skull is unable to expand
decreased LOC, pupil changes, H/A, ataxia, vomiting)

100
Q

H/A

A

Headache

101
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome manifestations

A

Caused by excess cortisol levels from from tumor or chronic corticosteroid use
Moon face

102
Q

Conjunctivitis

clinical findings

A

“Pink eye” – very contagious
Inflammation of conjunctiva caused by infection, allergic reaction, URI.
Clinical findings: discharge, swollen preauricular lymph nodes, burning, eyelids stuck together in AM

103
Q

Corneal Abrasion

clinical findings

A

Causes may include infection; incomplete lid closure, scratches, foreign bodies, or contact lenses poorly fitted or overworno
Clinical findings: intense pain, foreign body sensation; photophobia; tearing and redness.

104
Q

“lazy eye”

A

amblyopia

105
Q

abnormal ocular alignment due to extraocular muscle weakness

Objective findings

A

Strabismus

  • Asymmetrical corneal light reflexo
  • Abnormal cover/uncover test
106
Q

Esotropia
Exotropia
Hypertropia
Hypotropia

A
  • esotropia: Horizontal, inward turn of the eye
  • exotropia: Horizontal, outward turn of the eye
  • hypertropia: Vertical, upward turn of the eye
  • hypotropia: Vertical, downward turn of the eye
107
Q

What are the causes and manifestations of sensorineural hearing loss

A

Large majority of hearing loss is sensorineural
Causes: Presbycusis, inner ear pathology, CN VIII dysfunction, stroke, ototoxic drugs
Person first notices high-frequency tone loss; words sound garbled, and the ability to localize sound is impaired.

108
Q

IOP

A

Intraocular Pressure

109
Q

presbycusis

A

a sensorineural loss in the aging adult

110
Q

ear pain

A

otalgia

111
Q
Otitis Media (OM)
clinical findings
A

An infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum (the middle ear).
Potential for fever, vomiting, and decreased hearing
TM may be inflamed, red, bulging, immobile.
Purulent drainage from ear with a relief of pain suggests perforation
Recurrent infections may cause scarring (white patches)

Clinical Findings: severe pain when ear is manipulated; redness, swelling, purulent discharge, scaling, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes

112
Q
Otitis Externa (OE)
clinical findings
A

An infection of the outer ear canal.
Clinical Findings: severe pain when ear is manipulated; redness, swelling, purulent discharge, scaling, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes
May occur after swimming- rubbing alcohol eardrops after swimming can help prevent

113
Q

Tophi

A

Small, white/yellow, hard nodules, usually at helix of ear
Non-tender
Contain uric acid crystals = sign of chronic gout

114
Q

Allergic Rhinitis
clinical findings

allergic vs acute

A

caused by allergies
Clinical findings: sneezing, congestion, drainage, itchy eyes, cough,fatigue

Turbinates often enlarged and usually appear pale (or violet).

115
Q

Acute Rhinitis
clinical findings

allergic vs acute

A

“Common cold”
Clinical Findings: Clear, watery discharge, may later become purulent. Sneezing, nasal itching, cough, nasal obstruction

Turbinates are dark red and swollen

116
Q

Sinusitis

clinical findings

A

Infection as a result of pooling secretions within sinuses.
Clinical findings: throbbing pain in affected sinus. fever, thick purulent discharge, and edematous, erythematous nasal mucosa.

117
Q

edematous -

A

Swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid

118
Q

erythematous

A

Erythema (from the Greek erythros, meaning red) is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries

119
Q

Herpes Simplex 1

clinical findings

A

“cold sore” - highly contagious viral infection

Typically a prodromal burning or tingling sensation then clustered lesions appear on lip and skin junction.
Like other herpes infections, lesions progress from vesicles to pustules and finally to crusts.

120
Q

relating to or denoting the period between the appearance of initial symptoms and its full development

A

Prodromal

121
Q

Chelitis

A

Painful fissures at corners of mouth occur with excess salivation and Candida (yeast) infection

122
Q

Aphthous Ulcer

clinical findings

A

“Canker Sore” a common oral lesion affecting up to 30% of adults and 37% of school-age children.
Cause is unknown, but it is associated with stress, fatigue, and food allergy.
Clinical findings: Round or oval ulcerative lesion with a yellow-white center and an erythematous halo, often appear on buccal mucosa, lips, tongue, or palate as round oroval ulcerative
May last up to 2 weeks.

123
Q

Candidiasis

clinical findings

A

“thrush”
oral infection caused by fungal infection in those chronically debilitated or immune-suppressed, or as a result of antibiotic therapy.
Can scrape off.

Clinical findings: white plaques on tongue, buccal mucosa, or posterior pharynx. If membrane is peeled off, a raw, bleeding, erythematous, eroded, or ulcerated surface results.

124
Q

Atrophic Glossitis

A

Smooth, glossy (magenta) tongue accompanied by dryness and burning
Occurs with Vitamin B deficiency and pernicious anemia

125
Q

Black hairy tongue

A

Fungal infection occurring after use of antibiotics (tetracycline) or with heavy smoking

126
Q

Leukoplakia

A

a condition in which one or more white patches or spots (lesions) forms inside the mouth.
Cannot be scrapped off
Can lead to CA

127
Q

Tonsillitis

clinical findings

A

Infection of the tonsils
Clinical Findings: sore throat, odynophagia, fever, chills, enlarged and tender lymph nodes; tonsils enlarged and covered with exudates.

128
Q

Peritonsillar Abscess

clinical findings

A

May result from untreated pharyngitis or tonsillitis

Severe pain, fever, swelling; potential to block the throat resulting in difficulty swallowing, speaking, and breathing.

129
Q

Down Syndrome

A
Flat nasal bridge
Ear dysplasia (malformation)
Upward palpebral slant
Epicanthal folds (inner eye)
Hypertelorism (wide set eyes)
Brushfield spots (iris)
Fissured/scrotal tongue; Macroglossia
130
Q

Parotid gland
function
enlargement meaning

A

Secrets saliva through Stensen’s duct to moisten the mouth

Sign of mumps

131
Q

A flat spot may develop on an infants head when they spend too much time lying on their back.
It doesn’t cause brain damage or interfere with a baby’s development.positional Plagiocephaly

A

positional Plagiocephaly