Heart Valvular Disease Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Heart Valvular Disease Deck (36)
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1
Q

What drains into the right atrium?

A

Inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

2
Q

What leaves the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary artery

3
Q

What valves are on the right side of the heart?

A

Tricuspid between right atrium and ventricle

Pulmonary valve between right ventricle and pulmonary A

4
Q

What drains to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary vein

5
Q

What leaves the left ventricle?

A

aorta

6
Q

What valves are on the left side of the heart?

A

Mitral between left atrium and ventricle

Aortic valve between ventricle and aorta

7
Q

How many leaflets does the aortic valve have?

A

3

8
Q

How many leaflets does the mitral valve have?

A

2

9
Q

What vessels supply the heart?

A

Coronary arteries and blood diffuses over the heart because the arteries dont penetrate the heart muscle

10
Q

What are two types of heart disease?

A

Stenosis (narrowing)

Regurgitation ( leaky)

11
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing, stiffening, thickening, fusion or blockage of the valve.
The defective valve then interferes with the smooth passage of blood

12
Q

What is the most common place for stenosis?

A

Aortic valve

13
Q

What happens during aortic valve stenosis?

A

The valve doesn’t open well but the left ventricle still needs to pump blood through it so the ventricle uses more force to pump through narrower aortic valve.
This means that the blood gets past this valve using elongated bursts of less blood volume, and results in the blood in the aorta having a higher pressure

14
Q

What sound does aortic stenosis give?

A

High pitch murmour (mid/late systole)

15
Q

What symptoms may occur and why?

A
Dizzy as less blood getting to brain
SOB on exercise
Palpitations
Irregular rhythm
Fainting
Chest pain due to increased demand of 02 by left ventricle
16
Q

What occurs due to the high pressure of blood in the aorta?

A

Increased systolic stress
Wall thickening
Concentric hypertrophy
Reduced diameter of vessel

17
Q

What causes aortic stenosis?

A

Congenital heart disease - aortic valve doesnt have 3 leaflets and so doesnt open as wide as it should
Build up of calcium - often in elderly
Rheumatic fever

18
Q

What is mitral valve stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the mitral valve.
Left atrium must increase the pressure to push blood into the ventricle.
This increase blood pressure backs up to the lungs and further to the right side of the heart which means that fluid pools in the organs and they will swell

19
Q

What sounds does mitral stenosis give?

A

High pitch systolic murmour

20
Q

What occurs due to mitral stenosis?

A

There is less blood flow to the left ventricle- reduced CO

Right side of heart is overburdoned and fails

21
Q

What are the causes of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever - fusion of valves or calcification and shortening of chordae tendonae
Heart defect

22
Q

When do symptoms from mitral valve stenosis occur?

A

40/50 yrs

Aggravated by exercise/ pregnancy

23
Q

What is the treatment for stenosis?

A

Non invasive dilation of stenosis

Surgical intervention - replace or repair

24
Q

What is aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle but then due to the leaky aortic valve, blood doesnt go into the aorta because it leaks back to the ventricle.
The left ventricle increase in volume and distends so that it cant squeeze itself

25
Q

What symptoms occur with aortic regurgitation?

A
mild - severe
fatigue
SOB
oedema
arrythmias
angina
sweating
atrial fibrilation
fainting
weakness
pain with exercise and relieves with rest
26
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation?

A
Dilatation of the aortic root due to tissue abnormality (most common cause)
Congenital - valve has 2 cusps not 3
Hypertension
IE
Rheumatoid arthritis
Syphilis
Lupus
27
Q

What is mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Blood moves from left atrium to the left ventricle but when the left ventricle contracts, the blood rushes back to the atrium. (The mitral valve should be closed)
This means that less blood is pushed into the aorta from the left ventricle and so the is less blood in circulation around the body

28
Q

What happens to the mitral valve during regurgitation?

A

The leaflets buckle back into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts

29
Q

When is mitral regurgitation worse?

A

When the left ventricular cavity is smaller (dehydration or during standing)

30
Q

What are the causes of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

PRIMARY - occurs on its own

SECONDARY - link to another disease eg polycystic kidney

31
Q

What complications can occure with mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Stroke - lack of blood to brain
IE
Arrythmias
TIA

32
Q

What is the treatment for regurgitation?

A

Medication

Surgery - repair or replace with artificial, mechanical or biological valve

33
Q

What is IE?

A

Infective Endocarditis

An inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart, the endocardium (such as its valves)

34
Q

What causes IE?

A

third caused by staph
third caused by strep
20% die in initial hosp admission and 15% in 1 yr following

35
Q

What is the treatment for IE?

A

Prosthetic valve replacement - 45% require this

36
Q

What symptoms occur with IE?

A

fever, malaise, fatigue