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PCE - Cardiopulmonary-Vascular > Heart disease/malformation/injury > Flashcards

Heart disease/malformation/injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are potential causes of valvular heart disease

A
  • Stenosis or fusion of valve leaflets

- Regurgitations (insufficency)

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2
Q

What occurs if there is stenosis or fusion of valve leaflets

A

Valves fail to open completely impeding forward-flow

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3
Q

What occurs if there is regurgitations

A

Valves fail to close in systole which causes a reverse in blood flow

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4
Q

What occurs if there is dilated cardiomyopathy

A

increased mass of the heart results in difficulty pumping (can fill but can’t contract) this causes blood to back up into pulmonary circulation = stagnant blood

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5
Q

Stagnant blood increases risk of ____

A

clotting

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6
Q

What are 3 risk factors to dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • increased volume with pregnancy (third trimester)
  • chronic alcohol use (~10 yrs)
  • chemotherapy drugs
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7
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Increased mass of heart with thickening of the ventricular wall - leads to abnormalities in filling (limited due to stiff tissues)

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8
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is ____ determined

A

genetically

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9
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Can lead to what fatal condition in young athletes

A

Sudden cardiac death

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10
Q

S&S of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Many asymptomatic
Angina
Dyspnea
Sudden death

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11
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart due to blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac

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12
Q

Cardiac tamponade is sometimes the result of what?

A

Puncture wound through the heart during a procedure

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13
Q

Cardiac tamponade S&S

A
  • small decrease in systolic BP on inspiration - pulse paradoxus (>10mL decrease)
  • low cardiac output (limited capacity to fill) causing hypotension, shock, death
  • jugular vein distension
  • muffled heart sounds
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14
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries caused by thickening and decreased elasticity

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15
Q

Why do artery walls thicken in atherosclerosis

A

Due to accumulation of atheroma’s (WBCs + cholesterol + triglycerides) in lumen

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16
Q

What is the effect of atherosclerosis

A

weakened underlying artery

17
Q

People with atherosclerosis are at risk for…

A

Heart attack
Stroke
Aortic aneurism

18
Q

What is aortic stenosis? What is it caused by?

A

narrowing of the aortic valve opening

Calcification due to age or lipid accumulation

19
Q

What are the consequences of aortic stenosis

A
  • heart murmur
  • hypertrophy
  • angina
  • syncope -> transient loss of consciousness
20
Q

What is an aneurism

A

Localized abnormal dilation of the wall of a blood vessel - may rupture

21
Q

Causes of aneurism

A

Atherosclerosis
Trauma
Congenital defects
Infection

22
Q

Most common site of aneurism

A

Abdominal aortic aneurism

23
Q

What is the result of an aneurism

A

Tear in inner wall of aorta causing blood to flow btw layers of aorta wall forcing the layers apart (aortic dissection)

24
Q

Aneurism S&S

A 
Chest or abdominal pain 
Dissecting aneurism (tear in wall of blood vessel)
25
Q

What is flail chest? What is it normally accompanied by?

A

Multiple rib fractures result in free floating rib section that move independently. Chest wall is no longer rigid which results in less ventilation on that side

Accompanied with pulmonary contusion (bruising of the lung sections)

26
Q

What is usually the main cause of respiratory failure

A

Pulmonary contusion

27
Q

What type of breathing is seen in flail chest

A

Paradoxical breathing

28
Q

What occurs during inspiration in flail chest

A

flail segment sucks in - lung, heart, mediastinum shift away, reducing air entry into the unaffected lung

29
Q

What occurs during expiration in flail chest

A

flail segment pushes outward - Lung, heart, mediastinum are pushed toward flail segment

30
Q

Flail chest Rx

A
  • pain control
  • intubation/ventilation if necessary
  • O2, airway clearance
31
Q

What is pneumothorax ? what is it caused by?

A
  • collapse of lung due to air in pleural space

* due to: puncture of chest wall or lung spontaneously bursts (ie. tall, skinny males)

32
Q

What do you hear upon percussions in someone with pneumothorax

A

Hyperresonant percussion

33
Q

Pneumothorax Rx

A

Chest tube to release pressure

34
Q

Pneumothorax Types

A
  • open – stab wound, air into pleural space
  • tension – critical emergency - “flap” opens on inspiration but seals on expiration, air trapped in pleural space. Increases pressure on heart and heart can stop beating!
  • spontaneous : spontaneous rupture of air-containing space of lungs
  • hemothorax: collapse of lung due to blood in pleural space, AX: decreased breath sounds

PCE - Cardiopulmonary-Vascular (14 decks)

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