Hazards: Key Words Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Acid dome volcanoes

A

Steep-sided convex cones associated with viscous, silica-rich gaseous lava that solidifies before running too far down slope.

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

Accepting that natural events are inevitable and adapting our behaviour accordingly.

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3
Q

Asthenosphere

A

A layer of softer almost-plastic like rock which moved very slowly and carries the lithosphere on top.

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4
Q

Atmospheric hazards

A

Hazards driven by processes at work in the atmosphere.

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5
Q

Caldera

A

Vast pit crater formed by a violent eruption which blows off the volcano’s summit.

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6
Q

Composite cones (strato-volcanoes)

A

Formed from alternating eruptions of ash, tephra and lava, which builds up the volcano in layer, producing weaknesses that can be exploited by the magma.

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7
Q

Conservative plate margins

A

When two plates slide past each other and crust is not destroyed by subduction.

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8
Q

Constructive (divergent) plate margins

A

When two plates separate or diverge.

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9
Q

Core

A

The centre and hottest part of the Earth, made up of the outer core and inner core.

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10
Q

Crown fire

A

Wildfire which spreads across tree canopy and affects forested areas.

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11
Q

Crust

A

The Earth’s outer shell, made up of oceanic crust and continental crust.

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12
Q

Destructive (convergent) plate margins

A

When two plates collide or converge.

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13
Q

El Niño

A

A cyclical climatic condition which involves the warming of the Pacific off the west coast of South America and affects global patterns of temperature and rainfall.

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14
Q

Extrusive

A

Lava that is in contact with the air or sea, resulting in igneous rock which tends to be fine-grained with small crystals.

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15
Q

Eye wall

A

The bank of cloud which rings the central eye in a tropical storm.

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16
Q

Fatalism

A

An acceptance that hazards are natural events that we can do little to control and losses have to be accepted.

17
Q

Fissure eruptions

A

When lava escapes through a split or crack in the rock, which can create extensive lava plateaus.

18
Q

Geophysical hazards

A

Hazards driven by the Earth’s own internal energy sources.

19
Q

Gravitational sliding

A

The movement of tectonic plates as a result of gravity.

20
Q

Ground fire

A

Wildfire which burns beneath the ground layers of dry organic peat.

21
Q

Hazard

A

The threat of substantial loss of life, substantial impact upon life or damage to property that can be caused by an event.

22
Q

Hazard management cycle

A

A theoretical model of hazard management as a continuous 4-stage cycle involving mitigation, preparation, response and recovery.

23
Q

Hot spot

A

An area where radioactive decay within the Earth’s core is concentrated, generating very hot temperatures and heating the lower mantle.

24
Q

Hydrological hazards

A

Hazards driven by water bodies (mainly the oceans).

25
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Rocks formed by the cooling of molten magma, either underground (intrusive) or on the ground surface (extrusive).

26
Q

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

A

A cyclical ocean and atmospheric phenomenon that affects the climate of countries that surround the Indian Ocean Basin.

27
Q

Intrusive

A

Magma that cools, crystallises and solidified slowly below the surface resulting in coarse-grained igneous rocks.

28
Q

Ladder effect

A

The process of fires from the forest floor spreading to the tree canopy.

29
Q

Lahar

A

Mudflow composed mainly of volcanic ash mixed with water from a crater lake, snowmelt, glacier melt or prolonged torrential rain.

30
Q

Liquefaction

A

The jelly-like state of silts and clays resulting from intense ground shaking.

31
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outermost solid layer of the Earth, approximately 100km thick, comprising the crust and upper mantle.

32
Q

Love (L) waves

A

Seismic waves which travel on the surface and are the slowest waves but cause the most damage.

33
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock, gases and liquids from the mantle accumulating in cast chambers at great pressure deep within the lithosphere.

34
Q

Magma plume

A

A rising column of hot rock created by hot spots heating the lower mantle, creating localised thermal currents.