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Flashcards in H E A R T Deck (30)
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1
Q

blood flow through the heart

A
  1. right atrium
  2. right AV valve
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonary SL valve
  5. pulmonary artery
  6. lungs
  7. pulmonary veins
  8. left atrium
  9. left AV valve
  10. left ventricle
  11. aortic SL valve
  12. aorta
2
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
3
Q

epicardium

A

(visceral pericardium) - often infiltrated with fat

4
Q

myocardium

A

mainly cardiac muscle (contractile layer)

5
Q

endometrium

A

thin layer of endothelium

6
Q

what are the 4 heart valves?

A

prevents back flow

  1. tricuspid (AV) valve
  2. pulmonary (SL) valve
  3. bicuspid (mitral/AV) valve
  4. aortic (SL) valve
7
Q

tricuspid (AV) valve

A

connects right atrium to right vetricle

8
Q

pulmonary (SL) valve

A

connects right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

9
Q

bicuspid (mitral/AV) valve

A

connects left atrium to left ventricle

10
Q

aortic (SL) valve

A

connects left ventricle to aorta

11
Q

cardiac muscle action potential

A

upstroke: Na+ influx
plateau: Ca2+ influx
depolarization: K+ efflux

12
Q

what anatomical structure is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

13
Q

what are the purposes of intercalated discs in heart muscle?

A

communication to coordinate contractions

14
Q

ECG: P-wave

A

atrial depolarization (SA node)

15
Q

ECG: PQ

A

signal delay at AV node

16
Q

ECG: QRS

A

ventricles: depolarize
atrium: repolarize

17
Q

ECG: ST

A

ventricles: depolarization complete

18
Q

ECG: T-wave

A

ventricles repolarize

19
Q

what would happen in pacemaker cells became more permeable to potassium ions?

A

K+ slows depolarization, so decreased heart rate (HR)

20
Q

what would happen in pacemaker cells became more permeable to sodium ions?

A

Na+ speeds up depolarization, so increased heart rate (HR)

21
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

22
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

23
Q

what physiological events are represented by the 1st and 2nd heart sounds?

A

S1: “lubb”: closing AV valves

S2: “dupp”: closing SL valves

24
Q

relate AV and SL valves closing to ventricular systole and diastole

A

systole: AV close, SL open
diastole: AV open, SL close

25
Q

SNS affect on HR and CO

A

release NE (opens Na+ and Ca2+ to speed up depolarization)

increased HR & CO

26
Q

PNS affect on HR and CO

A

release Ach (opens K+ to slow depolarization)

decreased HR & CO

27
Q

what is the effect of increased or decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure affect stroke volume?

A

increased BP
Increased after load
decreased stroke volume

(have more resistance)

28
Q

EDV definition

A

end diastolic volume

volume in ventricle at end of diastole (volume available for ejection)

~120ml

29
Q

ESV definition

A

end systolic volume

volume left in ventricle at the end of systole (after ejection)

~60ml

30
Q

how would increased contractile force in the left ventricle effect ESV?

A

decrease ESV