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Neuroscience I > Gustatory and Olfactory System Histology (Dr. Cole) TEST 2 > Flashcards

Gustatory and Olfactory System Histology (Dr. Cole) TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gross Anatomy of Tongue

A
  • The ANTERIOR Two Thirds of the Tongue consist of a Core of Mass of Skeletal Muscle oriented in THREE DIRECTIONS:
    1) Longitudinal
    2) Transverse
    3) Oblique
  • The POSTERIOR One Third displays aggregations of Lymphatic Tissue, the LINGUAL TONSIL
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2
Q

Development of the Tongue

A
  • Anterior Tongue: 1st and 2nd Branchial Arches

- Posterior Tongue: 3rd and 4th Branchial Arches

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3
Q

Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

A
  • The DORSAL SURFACE of the Tongue is covered by NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Epithelium supported by a LAMINA PROPRIA associated with the Muscle Core of the Tongue
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4
Q

Glands and the Muscles of the Tongue

A

Muscle Bundles:

1) Superior Longitudinal
2) Inferior Longitudinal
3) Transversus Linguae
4) Verticals Linguae

**SEROUS and MUCOUS Glands extend across the Lamina Propria and the Muscle. Their ducts OPEN into the CRYPTS and FURROWS of the Lingual Tonsils and CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE

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5
Q

Lingual Papillae

A
  • The DORSAL SURFACE of the Tongue contains numerous Mucosal Projections called LINGUAL PAPILLAE
  • Each Lingual Papilla is formed by a HIGHLY VASCULAR Connective Tissue Core and a Covering layer of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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6
Q

Lingual Papillae Cont.

A
  • According to their shape, LINGUAL PAPILLAE can be divided into Four Types:
    1) FILIFORM Papillae (Narrow Conical), which are the MOST ABUNDANT!!!!!!!!!

2) FUNGIFORM Papillae (Mushroom-shaped)
3) CIRCUMVALLATE Papillae
4) FOLIATE Papillae (Leaf-shaped), rudimentary in Humans

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7
Q

Geographic Tongue

A
  • Though to be an ORAL MANIFESTATION of PSORIASIS, a Dermatological Condition which causes patches of Dry, Flakey, Itchy skin
  • The Classic manifestation of Geographic Tongue is an area of Erythema, with ATROPY of the FILIFORM PAPULLAE of the Tongue, surrounded by a SERPIGINOUS, White, Hyperkaratotic Border
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8
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A
  • NON KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

- Has around 5 TASTE BUDS along the APICAL SURFACE!!!!

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9
Q

Serous Glands

A
  • Serous Glands, or EBNER’s GLANDS, in the Connective Tissue, in contact with the UNDERLYING Muscle, are associated with the FOLIATE and CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLA
  • The Ducts of EBNER’S GLANDS open into the Floor of the Circular Furrows
  • Glands secrete LINGUAL LIPASE and VEGP!!!!!!!
  • VON EBNER’S GLAND PROTEIN (VEGP) undertakes the SELECTIVE BINDING of SAPID (Flavorful) Chemicals and their transport to Taste Receptors
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10
Q

Foliate Papillae

A
  • STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Epithelium
  • Ducts of SEROUS GLANDS (Von Exner’s Glands)
  • Skeletal Muscle (Intrinsic and Extrinsic Tongue Muscles) are Deep to the papillae

LATERAL SURFACE of the FOLIATE PAPILLAE:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  • Taste Buds
  • Taste Pores

**Foliate Papillae are in PARALLEL ROWS, and the Taste Buds are in the LATERAL WALL

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11
Q

Circumvallate Papillae

A
  • Circumvallate (Wall-like) Papilale are located in the POSTERIOR PART of the TONGUE, aligned in front go the SULCUS TERMINALS.
  • The Circumvallate Papilla occupies a RECESS in the Mucosa and therefore, it is surrounded by a CIRCULAR FURROW or TRENCH!!!!
  • Contain HUNDREDS OF TASTE BUDS in their LATERAL WALLS
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12
Q

Taste Buds

A
  • The sides of the Circumvallate Papilla and the Facing Wall of Furrow contains SEVERAL TASTE BUDS
  • Each Taste Bud, depending on the species, consists of 50 to 150 Cells, with its Narrow Apical Ends extending into a Taste Pore
  • A Taste Bud has three cells components:
    1) Taste Receptor
    2) Supporting Cells (Immature Taste Cells)
    3) Precursor Cell (Basal Cells)
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13
Q

Ducts of Serous Glands (Von Exner’s)

A
  • Ducts of Serous Glands EMPTY into MOAT
  • Secretions flush area and Suspend TASTING PARTICLES
  • Produce Von Ebner Land (VEG Protein (VEGP, Ebneren) that binds to Taste-producing Molecules. Concentrate and Transport
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14
Q

Taste Buds Cont

A
  • OVOID Chemoreceptors found:
    1) In Papillae
    2) On the SOFT PALATE
    3) On POSTERIOR PHARYNX
    4) EPIGLOTTIS
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15
Q

Taste Receptors

A
  • Taste Receptor Cells have a Life Span of 10 to 14 days.
  • precursor Cells five rise to SUPPORTING CELLS (or Immature Taste Cells) which, in turn, become Mature Taste Receptor Cells.
  • The BASAL PORTION of a Taste Receptor Cell makes contact with an AFFERENT Nerve Terminal derived from NEURONS in the Sensory Ganglia of the FACIAL, GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, and VAGUS NERVES
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16
Q

Taste

A
  • Taste in INITIATED when Soluble Chemicals, called TASTANTS, diffuse through the Taste Pore and INTERACT with the G-PROTIEN Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Subunits (called GUSTDUCIN) linked to the Taste Receptors (Designated TR1 and TR2), present in the APICAL MICROVILLI of the Taste Receptor Cells
  • GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (GTP) binding to the Alpha Subunit of the G-PROTEIN COMPLEX activates Target Molecules (Ion Channels in the Taste Receptor Cells)
  • IONIC CHANGES within Taste Cells cause either DEPOLARIZATION or HYPERPOLARIZATION of the Receptor Cells
  • An INCREASE in Intracellular Ca+ triggers the release of Neurotransmitters at the AFFERENT Synapse with the Afferent Nerve Terminal
  • Some taste Receptors Cells respond to only ONE of the Basic Taste Substances. Others are Sensitive to MORE THAN ONE Taste Substance
17
Q

Taste Buds

A
  • Nerve fibers innervate Type I - III
  • All three probably funciotn in the Discrimination of Taste
  • About 50 fibers Innervate a SINGLE Taste Bud
18
Q

Taste Sensations

A
  • Sweet, Sour, Bitter, and Salty are the FOUR CLASSIC Taste Sensations
  • A Fifth Taste is UMAMI (The taste of MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE)
  • A Specific Taste sensation is generated by SPECIFIC Taste Receptor Cells
  • The FACIAL NERVE carries the FIVE TASTE Sensations; the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL Nerve carries SWEET and BITTER Sensations!!!!
19
Q

Taste Perception

A

1) SWEET Stimuli: TIP of the Tongue (Sugars)
2) SALTY Stimuli: Sodium, POSTERIOR and LATERAL to the Tip of the Tongue
3) SOUR: On ANTERIOR 2/3 of DORSUM and along the LATERAL MARGIN (Acidic, H+)

20
Q

Bitter Tastants

A
  • Varied Compounds with NO COMMON Molecular Structure

- Ex: Caffeine, Morphine and Nicotine

21
Q

Genetic Control of Taste

A
  • KOHLRABI cotnains GLUCOSINOLATES, compound that INHIBIT Iodine uptake by the Thyroid
  • Individuals with the SENSITIVE FORM of hTAS2R38 Taste Receptor Gene rate KOHLRABI as being MORE BITTER than people with the Less Sensitive form of the Gene
  • Depending on the VERSION of the Gene, there are DIFFERENT SENSITIVITIES
22
Q

Umami

A
  • Linked to a Specialized receptor for L-GLUTAMATE and other Amino Acids
  • The distribution go Umami receptors is UNKNOWN
  • GLUTAMATE is found Naturally in Meats, Cheeses, and Several Vegetables. GLUTAMATE Signals presence of Proteins and causes the INTAKE of PROTEINIOUS FOODS
  • Often added to Processed Food as MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG) which is used as a Flavor Enhancer
  • Add Glutamate Taste to Promote Food Consumption (Elderly and Ill at RISK for Malnutrition)
23
Q

Taste Perception

A
  • Each Tatse bud can discern all FIVE Tastes but appear to CONCENTRATE on TWO of the Five
  • Taste Buds on the PALATE register primarily BITTER and SOUR
  • POSTEIROR PHAYRN and EPIGLOTTIC register ALL FIVE Modalities
  • The most likely Model suggest that Receptor Cells are TUNE to RESPOND to SINGLE TASTE MODALITIES - Sweet, Bitter, Sour, Salty, or Umami - and are INNERVATED by Individually tuned Nerve Fibers. IN this case, each taste quality is specified by the activity of NON-OVERLAPPING Cells and FIbers
24
Q

New Taste Modalities

A
  • Protein (CD36) Receptor that specifically responds to the FLAVOR of FAT!!!!!
25
Q

Fat (CD36)

A
  • The receptor recognizes the TEXTURE of FAT
  • Also functions to facilitate the UPTAKE of FATTY ACIDS (Mice Release Fat- Digesting Enzymes and INCREASES Intestinal Fat)
  • May also possibly Increase the preference for Fatty Foods!!!!!
  • Altered CD 36 protein, DECREASES (In Mice) the DESIRE for FATTY FOODS
26
Q

Innervation of the Tongue

A
  • Muscles of the Tongue DEVELOP from the Mesoderm of the OCCIPITAL MYOTOMES that Migrate into the DEVELOPING TONGUE, they are Innervated by the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (CN XII)

ANTEIROR 2/3 of Tongue:
Origin:
- Median Tongue Bud
- Lateral Lingual Swellings

Sensory Innervation:
- LINGUAL NERVE, Brach of Trigeminal Nerve, CN V

Innervation of Taste Buds (SVA):
- FACIAL NERVE, CN VII

POSTEIOR 1/3 of Tongue:
Origin:
- Hypopharyngeal Eminence!!!!!

Sensory Innervation:
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve, CV IX

Innervation of Taste Buds (SVA):

  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve, CN IX
  • Vagus Nerve, CN X, Near the BASE of the Tongue
27
Q

Taste Sensory Information

A
  • Most Sensory information that is thought of as Taste is actually OLFACTORY SENSATION subserved by the Olfactory Mucosa
28
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • Lined by PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR Epithelium with GOBLET CELLS!!!!
  • Lamina Propria contains BOTH Serous and Mucous Glands to MOISTEN inspired Air and Trap particulate Contaminants
  • Contains MAST and PLASMA CELLS (IgA, IgE, and IgG)
  • Lamina Propria also contains EXTENSIVE VASCULAR PLEXUS (Swell or Cavernous Bodies)
29
Q

Functions of Nasal Mucosa

A

1) AIR HYDRATION
- Secretions of Serous and Mucous Exocrine Glands and GLOBLET Cells MOISTEN the Surface of the Nasal Cavity

  • ADD Water Vapor to Inspired Air

2) AIR FILTRATION
- Conchae interrupt Air Flow and Create Turbulence

  • Particulate MATTER thrown against Conchae and ADHERES to its Moist Surface
  • Cilia move Mucus/ Matter into NASOPHARYNX

3) TMEPERATURE REGULATION
- Superficial Vascular Plexus (Swell Bodies) within Lamina Propria

  • Can Warm or Cool Inspired Air
30
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A
  • PSEUDOSTRATIDIED COLUMNAR Epithelium
  • Restricted to ROOF of NASAL CAVITY, Upper Surface of SUPERIOR CONCHAE
  • Contains Three Cell Types:
    1) Olfactory Cells
    2) Supporting Cells (SUSTENTACULAR)
    3) Basal Cells
  • Underlying Lamina Propria also contains LYMPHOID Cells
31
Q

Olfactory Cells

A
  • Bipolar Sensory Neurons that span the THICKNESS of the Epithelium
  • Dendrite EXTENDS to FREE Surface and DILATES to form the OLFACTORY VESICLE
  • Projects, along with Cilia, ABOVE the Epithelial Surface
  • PROXIMAL Process extends Basally, becomes a NON-MYELINATED AXON, and forms BUNDLES of NERVE FIBERS, the FILA OLFACTORIA!!!!!!!!!!!!
32
Q

Supporting Cells of Nasal Cavity

A
  • SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
  • COLUMNAR CELLS with OVAL Nuclei (Apical One-Third of the Cell)
  • Apical Surface has Microvilli submerged in SEROMUCOUS Fluid Layer
  • Contain light yellow Pigment that gives Olfactory Epithelium its Color
  • Provide PHYSICAL SUPPORT, NOURISHMENT, and ELECTRICAL INSULATION for the Olfactory Cells
33
Q

Basal Cells of the Nasal Cavity

A
  • The BASAL CELLS are Mitotically ACTIVE STEM CELLS, producing Daughter Cells that differentiate FIRST into Immature Olfactory Cells and then into Mature Olfactory Cells.
  • Olfactory Cells PROLIFERATE during Adult Life
  • The Life Span of an Olfactory Cell is about 30 to 60 Days!!!!
34
Q

Olfaction

A
  • CILIA Contains the Odorant Receptor (OR. There are about 100 Genes expressing ORs, but each Olfactory Receptor expresses only ONE OR Gene
  • Olfactory Serous Glands (GLANDS OF BOWMAN) secrete SEROUS FLUIDS in which ODIFEROUS SUBSTANCES are DISSOLVED
  • The Secretory Fluid contains the Odorant-Binding Protein (OBP) with HIGH BINDING AFFINITY for a Large Number of ODORANT Molecules
  • OBP carries Odorants to Receptors present on the Surface of the Modified CILIA and removes them after they have been sensed
  • The Secretory Protective Product of the Glands of BOWMAN contains Protective Substances such as Lysozyme and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) secreted by PLASMA CELLS
35
Q

Olfaction

A
  • Axons from OLFACTORY CELLS with the same OR terminate in One to Three Glomeruli present in the Olfactory Bulb
  • Dendritic ending son Predominantly MITRAL CELLS extend into the GLOMERULI!!!!!! Axons of Mitral Cells form the OLFACTORY TRACT!!!!!!!
  • Olfactory Receptor Cells have a Life Span of 30 to 60 days and can REGENERATE from BASAL CELLS
  • Temporary or Permanent damage to the Olfactory Epithelium causes ANSOMIA (
36
Q

Kallman Syndrome

A
  • an X linked disease characterized by ANOSMIA (No sense of Smell), SMALL GENITALIA and STERILE GONADS
    1) ANOSMIA: Lack of Neurons in the Brian (MITRAL CELLS) that receive Input from Olfactory Neurons (Olfactory Bulb DOES NOT Develop)
    2) SMALL Genitalia/ Sterility: LACK of GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH), secreted by the Hypothalamus
    3) GnRH required for Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), required for Gonadal Development and Genital Maturation
37
Q

Kallman Syndrome Cont 1

A
  • GnRH- Secreting Neurons dont originate in the Hypothalamus
  • Originate in Olfactory Epithelium (VOMERONASAL Organ) and Migrate into the Brian
  • Axons of Olfactory Neurons must contact DEVELOPING Brain to stimulate Olfactory Bulb Development
38
Q

Kallman Syndrome Cont 2

A
  • FAILURE of GnRH-Secreting Neuron and Olfactory Neuron GRWOTH Cones to MIGRATE into the Brain
  • Defect gene, KAL-1, codes for ANOSMIN-1, a Cell Adhesion Protein that is expressed in the Olfactory System and Medial Walls of Primitive Cerebral Hemispheres

Neuroscience I (18 decks)

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