Globalisation and Crime Flashcards
Define globalisation
The growing interconnectedness of societies - through trade, technology, communication and labour availability.
Who talks about the crimes of the global criminal economy? And can you list 3 statistics?
Castellis -
Human trafficking - half a million to western Europe annually
Modern Slavery - 10,000 to 13,000 victims in the UK
Organ trafficking - often from the wealthy to the poor - China sold prisoners organs
How does globalisation creates a ‘global risk consciousness’?
The ‘threat’ of asylum seekers and immigrants and crimes in other countries is covered and amplified by the media - this then leads to the government passing new tougher restrictions. For example, fining airlines which bring undocumented immigrants. This then leads to increased hate crimes.
Give a recent event that supports ‘global risk consciousness’
Gang sexual assault attacks by largely muslim men in Cologne led to outrage
Who explains how globalisation increases both lower-class crime and corporate crime?
Taylor
Lower class crime increases because TNCs manufacture in 3rd world countries leaving wc unemployed. Also materialistic media leads to a greater sense of relative deprivation.
Corporate crime increases as ‘flexible labour’ around the world can be exploited (no minimum wage or health and safety regulation) and the deregulation of the financial markets led tax evasion by moving funds.
Give an example of a criminal enterprise which includes both lower class and upper class people and covers the world
The west has a demand for drugs and sex workers that needs a supply from less developed countries - for example in Colombia 20% of the population depends on cocaine production - it outsells all other exports combined
Define green crime
Any crime that harms the environment
Who came up with the 2 types of green crime - and what are they?
SOUTH
Primary green crime - crime that directly destroys or degrades the earth’s resources
Secondary green crime - crime that indirectly hurts the environment through disregarding rules or advice
Give 4 examples of primary green crime with a statistic for each
Air pollution - 3 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere annually
Deforestation - between 1960-90 a fifth of the world’s rainforests were destroyed
Animal rights - Dog-fights and badger-fights are on the rise in the UK
Toxic waste - The UK in the 1950s illegally dumped 28,500 barrels of toxic waste into the sea near the Channel Islands
Give 2 explained examples of secondary green crime
War against drugs - pesticides sprayed to stop drugs being grown led to the destruction of species and deforestation
State violence against activist groups - in 1985 the French secret service infiltrated the Greenpeace ship (which was there to stop nuclear testing) and blew it up killing crew members
What does green crime create according to Beck?
A global risk society - as technology advances events and risks are no longer local but manufactured and global. Such as pollution in one country has a knock on effect on others. He calls this global equality ‘smog is democratic’.
Give a piece of positive and negative evaluation for Beck’s theory
+ evidence - there was a heatwave in Russia in 2010 which destroyed grain crops - therefore in Mozambique where all grain is from Russia there was a rise in bread prices leading to rioting and looting.
- We cannot prove that these risks are manufactured for example we cannot know that the heatwave was caused by global warming
Who raises the theory of green criminology? And how is it different from current criminology?
White
They believe that laws are not extensive enough and that every action that harms the environment should be considered a crime - using ‘zemiology’ (study of social harms)
Now they think the law takes an ANTHROPOCENTRIC view rather than an ECOCENTRIC view that sees humans and the environment as interdependent.
Give a disadvantage of green criminology
Too radical - not all pollution is avoidable
Who explains the marxist view of green crime?
SOUTH
pollution occurs in the poorer areas often populated by minorities - those with low incomes often working in factories cannot can only afford to live in undesirable locations polluted by their workplace. Also the rich get away with extreme crimes against the poor. For example in the Niger delta, oil companies illegally extracted for 50 years leaving oil spills in the fishing waters and acid rain - this leads to the residents having to resort to crime to survive.
Give a positive and negative piece of evaluation for the marxist view of Environmental Discrimination
+ 500 million people don’t have clean drinking water when the richest households consume 2000L a day
- The majority of new laws coming through are environmental so maybe the rich don’t always get their way.
Name the main world response to tackling green crime
1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
What happened at the 1972 United Nations Conference?
They created the Declaration and Action Plan which gave 109 recommendations in 6 main areas: including natural resources, pollution and international organisations. This then led to the UN Environment Programme which was established to manage the ‘global commons’ on environmental issues.
List a few more recent green crime conferences
Earth Summit - Rio 1992
Earth Summit 2 - New York 1997
