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Geriatrics > Geriatric Health Maintenance > Flashcards

Geriatric Health Maintenance Flashcards

1
Q

The major targets of prevention should be focused at the major causes of death
With the goals being?
4

A
  1. Reducing premature mortality caused by acute and chronic illness
  2. Maintaining function
  3. Enhancing quality of life
  4. Extending active life expectancy
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2
Q

Effectiveness needs to be individualized in terms of what?

5

A
  1. Patients age
  2. Functional status
  3. Patient preference
  4. Culture
  5. Socioeconomic status (tend to use preventative services less)
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3
Q

It is recommended that for healthy older adults screening can be stopped at ___ years, especially those who have had repeated negative screening in the past, who are frail or demented, or who have a limited quantity and quality of life remaining

A

85

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4
Q

Cardiovascular Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease
Modifiable risk factors?
6

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Smoking
  3. Inactivity
  4. Cholesterol
  5. Obesity
  6. Diabetes mellitus
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5
Q

What is the single most important activity in reducing morbidity and mortality in the elderly?

A

Checking BP

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6
Q
  1. BP measurements should be done at least how often?

2. ______ needs to be evaluated

A
  1. yearly

2. 140/90

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7
Q

SERUM CHOLESTEROL
1. Repeated screening is less important in older people because lipid levels are less likely to increase after ___ years of age

  1. Those already on lipid lowering meds should be screened at how often?
A
  1. 65

2. yearly

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8
Q

Diabetes:
1. Clinicians may choose to screen selected persons who? 3

  1. For established diabetic patients, what monitoring should be ongoing? 2
A
  1. -Screen for DM in adults 40-70 with a BMI ≥ 25
    Also screen those with
    -HTN or
    -HLP
  2. A1C and glucose
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9
Q

Smoking: Repeated urging of the need to quit coupled with self-help materials and what prescriptions can make a difference? 2

A

nicotine or Bupropion

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10
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in the elderly?

A

cancer

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11
Q

Will this patient or group of patients survive long enough to derive benefit from screening:
Providers need to think about?
4

A
  1. the expected time-to-benefit
  2. the risk of developing the cancer in the patient’s lifetime
  3. the individual’s estimated life expectancy
  4. Focus on colorectal, breast, cervical and lung cancer screening
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12
Q

What are the potential harms associated with screening for cancer?
3

A
  1. False positive results leading to unnecessary interventions and anxiety
  2. Over diagnosis (the risk of finding the treating a cancer that otherwise would not have affected the patient’s life)
  3. Cost, discomfort and embarrassment associated with available tests
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13
Q

Breast Cancer
1. Physical exam how often?

  1. Mammograms are suggested every how often through age ____ and with a life expectancy of at least ______?
  2. Beyond this age, may be appropriate for a woman in good health, particularly if she is at higher risk because of family history
    What else is recommended?
A
  1. Yearly
  2. 1-2 years, 75, 10 years
  3. SBE
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14
Q

Cervical Cancer
1. Most recommendations now indicate that screening may be discontinued for women who are what? 2

  1. Screening may also be stopped among those who have had a what?
A
    • least three normal Pap smears over the preceding 10 years (or 2 consecutive HPV/Pap tests)
    • and are older than 65
  2. hysterectomy for a benign indication
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15
Q

Prostate cancer

  1. Men ages ______ are most likely to benefit from screening
    - Routine screening not recommended
  2. Discuss risks and benefits of screening with patient
    If opting to screen, stop when? 2
A
  1. 50-69
    • after age 69 or
    • when life expectancy is less than 10 years
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16
Q

Colorectal Cancer screening
1. USPSTF suggests offering colorectal cancer screening to individuals aged who have at least how long to live?

  1. Controversial screening aged what?
  2. Depends on what? 3
  3. Should not screen over age ___?
  4. Invasive test of choice is what?
  5. Other screening tests? 4
A
  1. 50-75, five years
  2. 76-85
    • prior screening,
    • risk factors,
    • co-morbidities
  4. 86
  5. colonoscopy every 10 years
    • CT colonography,
    • flexible sigmoidoscopy,
    • stool testing for blood or
    • stool DNA testing
17
Q

Lung Cancer screening and health maintanence? 2

A
  1. Health education on smoking cessation
  2. Annual low dose spiral CT scan of the chest for high risk individuals ages 55-80 until 15 years out from discontinuing smoking or limited life expectancy
18
Q

Which High risk individuals qualify for low dose spiral CT?

What ages?

A

= at least 30 pack year history of smoking and are currently smoking or within 15 years of quitting

55-80

19
Q
  1. Skin Cancer screening and maintenance? 2
  2. Oral Cancer
    - Assess when?
    - Teach about what risks? 2
A

1.

  • Routine skin exam with yearly visit
  • Recommendations of sunscreen
  1. -Assess with yearly visit
    -Teach about risk
    ETOH
    Smoking
20
Q

Tetanus
1. Adults over the age of ____account for about 60% of tetanus cases

  1. Td every___years
    Influenza
  2. 90% of influenza-related deaths occur in patients ___ years and older
  3. When should they recieve the flu vax?
  4. High-dose inactivated influenza vaccine approved for ages what?
  5. Pneumococcal
    - What are the types? 2
    - What ages?
A
  1. 60
  2. 10
  3. 60
  4. Annual
  5. 65 and older
    • 13-valent and 23-valent
    • Both should be administered to patients ≥ 65 years old
21
Q

Herpes Zoster
1. Recommended for all immunocompetent persons of what age?

  1. Immunocompromised persons may receive what kind of vaccine?
A
  1. ≥ 60 years old

2. inactivated adjuvanted vaccine

22
Q

Osteoporosis
1. No mandate on when to stop what?

  1. USPSTF recommends that women aged what be screened routinely for osteoporosis using what?
  2. Routine screening begins at age ___ for women at increased risk for osteoporotic fractures
A
  1. DEXA scans
  2. 65 and older, bone densitometry
  3. 60
23
Q

Sensory loss
Vision
What kind of screening? 5

Hearing
What kind of screening? 3

A
  1. Periodically
    - Snellen chart
    - Amsler grid
    - Optometrist or Ophthalmologist
    - Glaucoma
  2. Periodically
    - Screened with questionnaire
    - Whisper test
    - Audiogram
24
Q
  1. Fall prevention. How often?
  2. Fall risk assessment? 3
  3. Function (what are we assessing)? 2
  4. Mobility: What test?
A
  1. Annual visit
    • Go up and go
    • MMSE (Cognitive function)
    • Medication assessment
  3. ADL’s and IADL’s
  4. Get up and go
25
Q
  1. Cognition testing?
  2. Depression screening?
  3. Medication screening?
  4. What else should we screen for?
A
  1. MMSE
  2. Depression scale
  3. Brown bag test
  4. Incontience
26
Q

The two health promotion activities that correlate the strongest with healthy and successful aging are? 2

A
  1. Physical activity

2. Nutrition

27
Q

Older adults should be counseled on the benefits of aerobic and resistance exercise and life-style modification
Long term effects of sedentary lifestyle are numerous: Such as? 4

A
  1. Functional limitations
  2. Obesity
  3. Diabetes
  4. Cardiovascular disease
28
Q

EXERCISE AND THE ELDERLY

Helps with what? 12

A
  1. Older adults are fairly resilient with respect to cardiovascular endurance and strength even after a period of detraining
  2. Improves functional limitations
  3. Decreases progression to disability
  4. Reduces BP and CV disease
  5. Reduces abdominal fat and insulin resistance
  6. Reduces falls
  7. Minimizes or reverses physical frailty
  8. Improves overall sense of well-being and self esteem
  9. Prevents hip fractures
  10. Improves longevity
  11. Improves blood lipids
  12. Improves osteoarthritis
29
Q

Dynamic aerobic exercise

5

A
  1. Swimming
  2. Brisk walking
  3. Running
  4. Bicycling
  5. Muscle strengthening
30
Q

HTN
A meta-analysis of multiple BP trials shows that even for patients into their 80’s treatment of hypertension results in significant decreases in all-cause mortality including? 3

A
  1. Stroke
  2. Heart failure
  3. Major cardiovascular events
31
Q
  1. JNC 8 recommends BP goal of less than _____ but SPRINT trial recommends goal of ______?
  2. Intensive BP lowering in the elderly caution for what? 4
A
  1. 150/90, 125-130/less than90
    • Hypotension,
    • falls,
    • renal dysfunction and
    • electrolyte disturbances
32
Q
  1. What can aspirin decrease the risk of? 2
  2. Increases risk of what?
  3. Add what for chronic ASA therapy in pts over 60?
  4. Appears to protect men and women from what? 2
  5. Dosing?
  6. Questionable benefit over what age?
A
  1. May decrease the risk for
    - CVD and
    - many cancers
  2. Increases the risk of bleeding
  3. Add PPI for chronic ASA therapy in patients > 60
  4. Appears to provide men with protection from
    - first MI and women
    - from first ischemic stroke
  5. USPSTF recommends 81mg ASA daily for ages 60-69
  6. 70
33
Q

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM:
1. Screening with a one time abdominal ultrasound has been shown to be effective in who?

  1. Screening abdominal ultrasound for who then? 2
A
  1. men but not women
    • men ages 65-75 who have ever smoked or
    • have a first degree relative with a history of AAA

Geriatrics (16 decks)

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