General Terms and Definitions for Test#3 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in General Terms and Definitions for Test#3 Deck (120)
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1
Q

How many bones exist in the axial skeleton? Appendicular Skeleton

A

80, 126

2
Q

What are the 5 bone types?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

3
Q

Where do sutural bones lie?

A

In joints between skull bones

4
Q

What are some characteristics of Long bones?

A
  • Greater length, than width
  • Consists of Shafts and extremities
  • slightly curved for strength
  • Most compact bone is in diaphysis, spongy in epiphysis
    Examples: Femur, Tibia, humerous, Ulna
5
Q

Short Bone Characteritics

A
  • Nearly equal in length and width
  • Mainly spongy bone except for surface
  • Example (Carpal Bones of Wrist)
6
Q

Flat Bone Characteristics

A
  • Generally thin
  • two nearly parrelle plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy
  • Extensive areas for muscle attachement
    Ex. Carnial, Sternum, Ribs, scapulae
7
Q

Irregular Bone characteristics

A
  • Complex shapes, varies in amount of spongy and compact bone
  • Ex. Vertebre, hip Bones, Clacaneous
8
Q

Sesamoid Bone Characteristics

A
  • Can develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress
  • Protect from excessive wear and tear
  • Varies from person to person
  • Not always completely ossefied
9
Q

Sutrural Bone Characteristics

A

(Wormian Bones)

  • Identified by location rather than shape
  • In between cranial bones
10
Q

Foramen

A

Opening

11
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

12
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove

13
Q

Meatus

A

Tubelike passageway or canal

14
Q

Condye

A

Large round prominance at the end of a bone, typically part of a joint

15
Q

Malleolus

A

Bony prominence, on each side of the ankle

16
Q

Facet

A

Smooth flat articular surface

17
Q

Eminence

A

Relatively small projection or bump

18
Q

Trochanter

A

Very Large Projection

19
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded, typically, roughened projection (usually on the shaft, perhaps the base of a bone)

20
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded projection (found near the head of a bone)

21
Q

Parallel Arrangement of Muscles

A
  • Fascicles run parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate at either end of flat tension
22
Q

Fusiform Arrangement

A

Similar to Parallel, muscle tapers toward tendons where diameter is less than the belly.

23
Q

Circular Arrangement

A

Sphincter, “squeezer”, sphincter muscles that enclose, an orifice

24
Q

Triangular (Convergent) Arrangement

A

Gives a triangular appearance, Spread over a broad area and converge, at a thick central tendon

25
Q

Unipennate Arrangement

A

Short in relation to total muscle length, and are arrangend on only one side of the tendon

26
Q

Bipennate Arrangement

A

Arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons which extend the entire length of the muscle

27
Q

Multipennate Arrangement

A

Fasicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons

28
Q

Explain Physiological cross section

A

Muscle force is propotional to the physiological cross-section
- Muscle velocity is proportional to muscle length

29
Q

Pennate Cross Section

A
  • Considerable high power over a short range of movement
30
Q

Parallel and Fusiform Cross Section

A

Produce greater speed over a longer range of movement

31
Q

What is Hilton’s Law?

A

Observation that innervates a joint also tends to innervation the muscles that move the joint and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles

32
Q

Entrapment Neuropathy

A

Physical Compression or irrational major nerve trunks and peripheral nerves, producing distant nerve pain symptoms

33
Q

What are some symptoms of Entrapment Neuropathy?

A

Tingling and pain, often accompanies by reducing sensation or complete numbness, can have muscle weakness from muscle atrophy

34
Q

What is Venae Comitantes>

A

Veins that accompany their homonymous artery

35
Q

What are the 4 components of the upper limb?

A

Shoulder: to include the segment of the limb that overlaps the thorax back of the trunk and lower lateral neck

Arm
Forearm: elbow to wrist
Hand

36
Q

What comprises the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

37
Q

Where does the collar bone (clavicle) lie?

A

Horizontally in the superior and anterior part of the thorax, superior to the first rib and articulates with the sternum and scapula

38
Q

What is the most frequently broken bone in the upper limb?

A

Clavicle, breaks normally occur at the curvatures of the bone

39
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle?

A

Acromial Extremity and Sternal Extremity

40
Q

Where does the scapula articulate?

A

Articulates with the clavicle and humerous, it articulates with other bones anteriorly but are held in place posteriorly only by the complex of the should and back musculature

41
Q

Where does the Acromioclavicular joint sit?

A

Lateral (acromial) end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula

42
Q

What are the stabilizing ligaments of the AC Joint?

A

AC Ligament, Coracocavicular Ligaments:

  • Trapezioid Ligament
  • Conioid Ligament
43
Q

Explain the characteristics of the Humerous

A
  • Longest and largest bone of the upper limb

- Articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow, with the radius and ulna

44
Q

What joint is the articulating point with the scapula?

A

Glenohumeral Joint (Glenoid Cavity of the Scapula) (Shoulder Joint)

45
Q

What muscles either insert or have their origin at the Lesser Tuberacle of the Humerous?

A

Subscapularis

46
Q

What muscles either insert or have their origin at the Greater Tuberacle of the Humerous?

A

Supraspinatis, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor

47
Q

Where is the anatomical neck of the humerous located?

A

Between the tuberacles of the head and the site of attachment of the articular capsule

48
Q

What muscle sits in the intertubercular sulcus?

A

Contains the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

49
Q

What is the surgical neck and where does it sit on the humerus?

A

Located distal to the tubercles, it is the point where the humerous is frequently broken

50
Q

Where does the deltoid tuberosity sit on the humerous?

A

In the middle shaft, site of attachment for the deltoid muscle

51
Q

What composes the medial epicondyle of the distal humerus>

A

The Larger of the two, the medial epicondyle is the termination of the medial supracondylar ridge

52
Q

What composes the lateral epicondyle of the distal protion of the humerus?

A

The anterior surface is the sharp lateral supracondylar ridge on the shaft of the bone that ends in the lateral epicondyle

53
Q

Where does the capitulium and trochlea sit?

A

Capitualum :
Near the lateral epicondyle
Trochlea: an indentation more medial in position

54
Q

What are the two anterior depressions in the bone that receive the parts of the radius and ulna when flexed?

A

Radial Fossa which lies above the capitulum

Deep coronoid dossa located above the

55
Q

Define Impact Fractures

A
  • One fragment is driven into the spongy bone of another fragment
  • Tend to be stable, can move passively with little pain
56
Q

Define Avulsion fractures

A

When a ligament or tendon attached to bone pulls away part of the bone (Greater tubercle of the humerus)
- Fixed with fixation back to the bone with screws

57
Q

Transverse Fx

A

Usually from a direct blow to the arm, deltoid often pull the fragment laterally

58
Q

Fractures at the humerus affect which nerves based on the location of the fracture?

A

Surgical Neck: Axillary nerve
Shaft: radial nerve
Distal End: Median Nerve
Medial Epicondyle: Ulnar Nerve

59
Q

What part of the ulna contains the olecranon?

A

Proximal end, which forms the promienance of the elbow

60
Q

Where is the coronoid process located?

A

Anterior projection at the proximal end

61
Q

What forms the trochlear notich?

A

The olecranon and the coronoid process

62
Q

What does the radial notch do?

A

Depression that receives the head of the radius

63
Q

Where is the ulnar tuberosity located?

A

Just inferior to the coronoid process

64
Q

Where is the styloid process located on the ulna?

A

Distal end attachment point for Ulnar Collateral ligament of the wrist

65
Q

What does the proximal end of radius articulate with?

A

The capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulnar

66
Q

Where is the constricted neck located?

A

Just inferior to the head

67
Q

What attachment point on the radius serves as an attachment point for the tendons of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

Radial Tuberosity

68
Q

What process on the lateral side and can be felt proximal to the thumb? What attached?

A

Styloid process for the brachioradialis muscle and the radial collateral ligament to the wrist

69
Q

What is the interosseous membrane? What is its purpose?

A

Broad flat, fibrous connective tissue that joins the shafts of the radius and ulna/ also attachment site for some tendons of the deep and skeletal muscles of the forearm

70
Q

What is the radioulnar articulations?

A

head of the radius with the ulna’s radial notch

71
Q

What serves as a trochlea pully for the tendon

A

Dorsal tubercule of the radius, AKA Lister’s Tubercle

72
Q

How many bones make up the hand?

A

8 carpal bones
5 Metacarpal bones
14 Phalanges

73
Q

What bones are in the proximal row (lateral to medial) of carpal bones?>

A

Scaphoid- Boat shaped
Lunate- Moon Shaped
Triquetrum- 3 corners
Pisiform- pea shaped

74
Q

What bones are in the distal row of carpal bones?

A

Trapezium-
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

75
Q

What are the “Knuckle” joints called?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

76
Q

What is site where the limb joins the trunk?

A

Axilla

77
Q

What vein is most commonly used for normal veniupuncture?

A

Bracheocephalic Vein

78
Q

Name the arterial supply from the aorta to the wrist

A

Aorta, Vertebral, Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial/Ulnar

79
Q

What muscles make up the thoracoappendicular section?

A

Anteriorly:

  • Pectoralis Major
  • Pectroalis Minor
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Subclavis

Posteriorly:
- Latissimus Dorsi

80
Q

Describe a winged scapula

A

Its a long thoracic nerve injury which paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle
- Arm cannot be abducted beyond the horizontal position

81
Q

What are the components of the superficial back muscles?

A
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • LEvator Scapulae
  • Rhomboids (Major and Minor)
82
Q

What muscles form the traingle of asculation?

A

Superior Horizontal Border of the Latissimus Dorsi

  • Medial Border of the Scapula
  • interolateral border of the trapezius
83
Q

What 4 joints are associated with the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenohumeral, Acromioclavicular, Sternoclavicular, and Scapulothoracic

84
Q

How much of the humeral head articulates with the glenoid cavity?

A

About 1/3, held in place by tonus of the rotator cuff

85
Q

What are the muscles of the scapulohumeral section?

A

Deltoid, Supraspinatis, Infraspinatus, Teres Major, Teres Minor, Subscapularis

86
Q

What are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres Minor

87
Q

What muscle does not rotate the humerous of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus

88
Q

What structure separates the coracoacromial ligament and supraspinatus?

A

Subacromial Bursa

89
Q

Define the axilla

A

The pyramidal space inferior to the glenohumeral joint and superior to the axillary fascia

90
Q

What are the four parts of the axilla?

A

Apex- Lies between the first rib, clavicle, and superior edge of scapularis

Base-formed by the concave skin, subcutaneous tissue,

Anterior Wall: Formed by the pectoralis Major/minor

Lateral Wall- Narrow bony wall formed by the intertubercular groove of the humerous

91
Q

What are the three divisions of the axillary artery?

A

1) Superior Thoracic artery
2) Thoracoacromial Artery
3) Lateral Thoracic Artery

92
Q

What nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

Axillary Nerve

93
Q

Name the 4 Quadrangular Space borders

A

Superiorly: Inferior Border of the Teres Minor
Inferiorly: Superior Border of teres Minor
Medially: Long head of triceps
Laterally: Surgical neck of the humerous

94
Q

What three items can be accessed through the quadrangular space?

A
  • Axillary Nerve
  • Posterior Circumflex Humeral artery
  • Posterior circumflex humeral vein’
95
Q

What muscles sit in the Anterior Compartment?

A

Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis

96
Q

What muscles sit in the Posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps Brachii, Anconeus

97
Q

What nerve intervate the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

98
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Radial Nerve

99
Q

What are the arteries of the upper limb and their branches?

A

Brachial Artery,

Branches to Profunda Brachii, and Ulnar Collaterals

100
Q

What are the main superficial and deep veins of the upper limb?

A

Superficial: Cephalic and Basilic connected through medial cubital vein
Deep: Brachial Veins

101
Q

What is radial nerve dysfunction?

A

Form of peripheral neuropathy occuring when there is damage to the radial nerve resulting in a problem with movement or sensation of the back of the arm, forearm, or hand.

102
Q

What is sublixation of the radial head?

A

Incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ, radial head sublixation occurs in 2-3 yrs of age

103
Q

What structure is affected by Golfers and Tennis Elbow?

A

Golfers: Medial Epicondyle
Tennis: Lateral Epicondylitis

104
Q

Describe the characteristics of the interosseous membrane?

A

Thin, strong fibrous membrane, that joins the radius and ulna of the forearm/ attachement site for some deep forearm muscles

105
Q

What muscles are part of the superficial anterior (Flexor) compartment?

A

Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum superficialis

106
Q

What muscles are part of the Deep Anterior (Flexor) compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor Pollicis Longus

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

107
Q

Explain Trigger Finger

A

Disorder characterized by snapping, locking causing pain and dysfunction

Cause; Disparity in size between flexor and retinacular pully system

108
Q

What muscle sit in the superior posterior (extensor) compartment?

A

Lateral to medial:

  • Brachioradialis
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
  • Extensor Digitorum
  • Extensor Digiti minimi
  • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
109
Q

What are the muscles of the deep posterior (extensor) compartment?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor Indicis
110
Q

What are the muscle pronators?

A
  • Pronator teres
  • Pronator Quadratus
  • Brachioradialis
111
Q

What are the supinator muscles?

A
  • Supinator muscle
  • Biceps Brachii
  • Brachioradialis
112
Q

What are the arteries of the forearm?

A

Brachial artery ends in the inferior part pf the cubital fossa where it divides into the ulnar artery/radial artery

113
Q

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Results from any lesion that significantly reduces the size of the carpal tunnel

  • Fluid retention
  • Infection
  • Excessive Exercise of the fingers
114
Q

What is the most sensitive nerve of the carpal tunnel structure?

A

Median Nerve

115
Q

What is Tinel’s Sign?

A
  • A way to detect irrated nerves

- Done through percussion to elicit a sensation of paraesthesia

116
Q

What are the 5 intrisic muslces of the hand?

A

Thenar, Hypothenar, Adductor, Lumbrical, Interosseus

117
Q

What are the three muscles of the Thenar Compartment?What do they do?

A

Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Opponens Pollicis

Move the thumb

118
Q

What are the muscles of the Hypothenar Compartment? What does it move?

A

Abductor Digiti Minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

Little Finger

119
Q

What muscles sit in the interosseous area?

A

Four Dorsal Interosseous muscles

Three Palmar interosseous muscles

120
Q

What muscles form the anatomical snuff box?

A

Abductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Extensor Pollicis Longus