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Flashcards in Gender, crime and justice Deck (47)
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1
Q

what are the gender patterns in the justice system

A

4/5 offenders are male

more females are convicted of property crime, more males are convicted of sexual violent offences

2
Q

what does Chivalry crisis mean

A
  • most justice agents are men, socialised to act ‘chivalrous to women’
  • self report studies suggest females are treated more leniently
  • official stats show women more likely to be granted bail, receive a fine or given shorter sentences
3
Q

what did Pollak say about chivalry thesis

A

men have very productive attitudes towards women more lenient and less likely to end up in official statistics

4
Q

what does the flood page say about males and females

A

1/11 females to 1/7 had been prosecuted

5
Q

what is the evidence against chivalry thesis (A03)

A
  • self reporting studies= males commit more offences such as drug taking
  • crimes of the powerful underreported
  • f may appear to be treated more leniently but may be due to lighter offences
6
Q

what did Farrington and marris say about evidence against chivalry

A

408 offenders, Fs not related treated more leniently

7
Q

what did Buckle and farrington say about evidence against chivalry

A

women are more likely to be witnessed and prosecuted for shoplifting

8
Q

what do feminist say about gender in offending

A

feminists argue that these exists because the criminal justice system is patriarchal. particularly in rape cases where judges make sexists remarks

9
Q

what did Heidensohn say about the bias agonists women

A

court treats Fs more harshly when they deviate from gender norms
Double standards: punishing girls for promiscuous behaviour. 7/11 girls referred for support for being sexually active, 0 males referred

10
Q

what did Carlen say about the bias against women

A

more likely to make judgements if there roles are mothers rather than seriousness of crime

11
Q

what is the functionalists sex theory

A

socialisation of males and females eg boys encouraged to take risk, be tough. More predisposed to committing crimes

12
Q

what did Parsons say about the functionalists sex theory

A

instrumental and expressive roles- boys reject emotion and engage in ‘compensatory compulsory masculinity’

13
Q

what did cohen say about the functionalist sex theory

A

men have less of a socialising role, boys turn to street gangs as a source of masculinity (new right)

14
Q

A03 for the functionalist sex theory

A

biological assumptions

15
Q

what did Hiensohn say about female crime

A

patriarchal society imposes greater control over women and this reduces opportunities to offend

16
Q

How does patriarchal control operate at home

A

housework and childcare imposes severe restrictions on time/movement
Dobash and Dobash: violent acts resort from men’s lack of satisfaction for domestic work, control finances

17
Q

how are daughters subject to patriarchal control

A

less likley to be allowed to come and go as they please as a result they a develop a ‘bedroom culture’ socialising with friends at home rather than at public places

18
Q

How does patriarchal control operate in public

A

women are controlled in public places by threat of violence or threat of male violence against them. females are also controlled by fear of being defined as not respectable or damaging ‘reputation’

19
Q

How does patriarchal control operate at work

A

male supervisors or managers control women’s work. sexual harassment ‘keeps women in their place’.
Glass ceiling prevents women from rising to senior opportunities where it is easier to commit crime

20
Q

A03 for Hiensohn patriarchal control

A

patriarchy can push women into crime eg poverty

21
Q

what was Carlen study on class and gender deals

A

study of 39 15-46 year old WC women, unstructured interviews
used Hirschis control theory - humans are controlled by the offer of a ‘deal’ - rewards for conforming. People turn to crime if rewards greater than risk

22
Q

What reasons did Carlen argue that leads WC women to conform

A
  1. class deal- work- material rewards- decent standard of living
  2. gender deal- patriarchal ideology promises women material and emotional rewards
23
Q

what happens if these rewards arent avalible

A
crime becomes more likely 
32 of them have always been in poverty, couldn't get a job, humiliated to go on benefits (class deal)
24
Q

what happens if these rewards are not availibe in terms of gender deal

A

abused by parents, spent time in care, homeless

25
Q

AO3 for carlens study

A
  • sample was small and may be unrepresentative as it was largely WC and serious offenders
  • sees women behaviour by external factors eg patriarchal control
26
Q

what does Adler argue

A

proposes the liberation thesis:

argues that as women become liberated from patriarchy, their crimes will become as frequent and as serious as men’s

27
Q

what does Adler argue to be the cause of changes in women’s offending behaviour

A

changes in the structure of society. As opportunities have improved for women eg education so women have began to adopt traditionally males roles in legitimate activity and illegitimate activity

28
Q

how have changes in the structure of society impacted women

A

women now commit typically ‘male’ offences such as crime of violence + white collar crimes. This is due to women’s greater self confidence, assertiveness and all greater opportunities

29
Q

what evidence is there to support the liberation thesis

A
  • female offences rose during the second half of the 20th century
  • media talk of growth of girl gangs
30
Q

what are the criticisms for liberation thesis

A
  • most female criminals are WC so liberation thesis doesn’t apply to them benefits MC much more
  • female crime rate began rising in the 1950s - long before the women’s liberation movement, which emerged in late 1960s
31
Q

what did Hand and Dodd say about females and violent crimes

A

between 2000 and 2008 number of females arrested for violence rose by 17% each year
if these statistics are accurate picture if offending it suggests that females are increasingly committing ‘male’ crimes

32
Q

what did steffensmeier and schwartz say about the criminalisation of females

A

found that while the female share of arrests grew from 1/5 to 1/3 between 1980 and 2003 the rise in police statistics was not matched by the findings of victim survey ( those who report it)

33
Q

what did steffensmeier and schwartz say about net- widening

A

conclude in reality there has been no change in women’s in violent crime. They argue that the rise in arrests is due to the justice system ‘widening the net’- arresting and protesting females for less serious forms of violence than previously

34
Q

If female participation in violent crime is not in fact increasing, how do we account for the increase in criminalisation of females for this kind of crime?

A

one view is that it is a social construction resulting from a moral panic over young women’s behaviour.

35
Q

what did sharpe say about the moral panic of girls

A

found that professionals such as judges, probation officers and police were influenced by media sterotypes of violent ‘ladettes’ + many believed the behaviour was getting worse

36
Q

what is the overall effect of a moral panic of girls

A

a self fulfilling prophecy and an amplification spiral : reports of girls misbehaviour sensitive police and courts, who take a tougher stance, resulting in more convictions, which produces further negative media coverage + so on

37
Q

what are the statistics for homicide victims

A

70% are male. females are more likely to know their killer and in 60% of these cases this was an ex partner/partner.
males are more likely to be killed by a friend or acquaintance

38
Q

what are the statistics for victims of violence

A
  • women are more likely to be victimised by an acquaintance, men by stranger
  • 10x more women reported having been sexually assaulted by men
39
Q

what did Ansara and hindin say about the mismatch between fear and risk

A

found that women victims experienced more severe violence and control.
furthermore, victim surveys do not necessarily convey the frequency or severity of the victimisation

40
Q

what is hegemonic masculinity

A

work in paid labour- labour market, subordination of women, hetero sexism (ie different from desire for women) and the driven and uncontrollable sexuality of men

41
Q

How does hegemonic masculinity compare to subordinate masculinity

A

includes gay men, who have no desire to accomplish hegemonic masculinity, as well as lower class and some ethnic minority men who lack resources to do so

42
Q

how do white MC men achieve masculinity

A

have to subordinate themselves to teachers in order to achieve MC status leading to an accommodating masculinity in school.
outside school : gets it through drinking and pranks

43
Q

how do white WC men achieve masculinity

A

constructed through sexists attitudes, being tough and opposing teachers authority. Links to the lads in Willis study they showed this kind of masculinity

44
Q

how do black WC youths achieve masculinity

A

may use gang membership and violence to express their masculinity or turn to serious property crime to achieve material success

45
Q

give to criticism of Messerschmidt (came up with how different class and ethnic affect masculinity)

A
  • doesn’t explain why not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity
  • He over works the concepts of masculinity to explain virtually all male crimes, from joy riding to embezzlement
46
Q

How has globalisation led to more criminal activity for WC

A

led to loss of many traditional manual jobs which WC men were able their masculinity through hard + providing for their family

47
Q

what is bodily capital

A

using their body to gain money. To maintain their reputation + employability the men must use this eg many of bouncers seek to develop their physical assets of body building