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Cardio-respiratory Physiology And Pharmacology > Gas Transport > Flashcards

Flashcards in Gas Transport Deck (24)
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0
Q

When hb is 100% saturated how does 1g of hb carry ?

A

1.34 ml

1
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

A

Protein in rbcs
Has 4 subunits each with a haem group each containing an iron ion that can bind 1 oxygen molecule
Adult hb= 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
Feral hb= 2 alpha and 2 gamma

2
Q

What is the normal concentration of hb in blood ?

A

120-170g/L

So oxygen carry capacity of hb in blood is 200ml

3
Q

If CO is 5l/mins how much oxygen is delivered around the blood in 1 min ?

A

1L

- resting oxygen consumption is 250ml so remaining 750ml returns to lungs - large reserve of oxygen bound

4
Q

What shaped is the hb-oxygen dissociation curve and why ?

A

Sigmoidal
Binding of 1 oxygen molecule changes the conformation of hb and increases the affinity of the other oxygen binding so it is easily to bind another molecule

5
Q

If a factor decreases hbs affinity for oxygen which way does the curve shift ?

A

Right

6
Q

Anything that increases hb affinity for oxygen shifts curve to the ..,

A

Left

7
Q

How does temperature affect hb affinity for oxygen ?

A

Increase in temperature decreases oxygen affinity
Good because during metabolism heat is produced so increasing the temperature will favour oxygen unloading which is what the tissue needs

8
Q

How does pH affect hb affinity for oxygen ?

A

Decrease in pH decreases affinity for oxygen

Good because during metabolism proton concentration. Increases so increasing oxygen unloading is favourable

9
Q

How does carbon dioxide (carbamino effect) effect hb affinity for oxygen ?

A

Increases in carbon dioxide decreases oxygen affinity

Carbon dioxide binds to amino acids in hb and creates caraminohaemoglobin which has a lower affinity for oxygen

10
Q

How does 2,3-DPG affect hb affinity for oxygen ?

A

Oxyhemoglobin inhibits enzyme that produces 2,3-DPG
When oxygen levels are reduced 2,3-DPG levels rise and decrease affinity of hb for oxygen which is good because 2.3-DPG is produced during high metabolism so the tissue will be requiring oxygen

11
Q

What is the difference between fetal and maternal hb ?

A

Fetal has a higher affinity for oxygen because it has 2 gamma subunits instead of beta

12
Q

What is the purpose of myoglobin ?

A

Short term store of oxygen in skeletal muscle
Much higher affinity for oxygen than hb
Releases its stores when intracellular oxygen is low - used in short intense muscle contraction

13
Q

What are the 3 transport mechanisms for carbon dioxide in blood ?

A

Dissolved in plasma
Dissolved in the form of bicarbonate ions
Bound to hb

14
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions ?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

15
Q

What is the chloride shift ?

A

When bicarbonate ions are produced protons are also produced in the rbcs
To maintain the concentration gradient so more carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions the bicarbonate ions are exchanged for a chloride ions

16
Q

What is the haldane effect ?

A

Binding of oxygen to hb reduces affinity of hb for carbon dioxide
The greater the partial pressure of oxygen the more carbon dioxide is unloaded so therefore this effect increases elimination of carbon dioxide at the lungs
Effect is beneficial at respiring tissues because oxygen is low which promotes carbon dioxide binding helping to remove carbon dioxide

17
Q

What is anaemia ?

A

Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

18
Q

What is nutritional anaemia ?

A

Dietary deficiency - iron or folic acid
Causes a decrease in hb synthesis - iron
Inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division- folic acid

19
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Deficiency of intrinsic factor needed to absorb bit b12 - inhibits DNa synthesis

20
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Defect in bone marrow

21
Q

What is renal anaemia ?

A

Decreased EPO resulting in decreased red blood cell synthesis

22
Q

What is haemorrhagic anaemia ?

A

Rapid loss of blood - takes weeks to restore red blood cell levels

23
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia ?

A

Caused by rupture of red blood cells - malaria or sickle cell anaemia