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EPHE 341 > Gait Analysis > Flashcards

Gait Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is gait?

A

Gait is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, during locomotion over solid substrate

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2
Q

Gait is selected based on…

A

Speed, terrain, the need to maneuver, and energetic efficiency

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3
Q

what are 4 forms of human gait

A

Walking
Running
Sprinting
Crawling

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4
Q

Normal human gait..

A

Repeats a basic sequence of limb motions that serve to progress the body along a desired path while maintaining weight bearing stability, conserving energy and absorbing shock of floor impact

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5
Q

Repeats a basic sequence of limb motions that serve to progress the body along a desired path while maintaining ….

A

weight bearing stability, conserving energy and absorbing shock of floor impact

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6
Q

What are the 2 main reasons to measure walking gait?

A

To find out how we walk and to use walking as a baseline measure to understand differences between: healthy and unhealthy populations, ages, genders, and races

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7
Q

We use walking as a baseline measure to understand differences between….

A

healthy and unhealthy populations, ages, genders, and races

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8
Q

Gait analysis involves the measurement of what 3 things?

A

Kinematics
Kinetics
EMG

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9
Q

What is EMG

A

Electromyography- a techniques for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles

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10
Q

What are 7 of the methodologies used to record kinematics

A 
Passive marker systems 
Active marker systems 
Electromagnetic systems
Electrical goniometers 
Accelerometers 
Gyroscopes 
Magnetometers
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11
Q

What are passive marker systems

A

Use reflective markers and multiple cameras

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12
Q

Multiple cameras are necessary to…. (in kinematics recording)

A

to ensure that we can digitize each marker and determine its 3 dimensional location

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13
Q

From 3D digitized markers we can…

A

derive the joint kinematics

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14
Q

What are active marker systems

A

Similar to passive marker systems but use “active markers”. The markers are triggered to illuminate. Each marker works at a predetermined frequency and therefore have their own identity

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15
Q

What are electromagnetic systems

A

A way of recording kinematics. Track the position (X, Y, and Z Cartesian coordinates) and orientation of small sensors

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16
Q

What are electrical goniometers

A
  • An electrical device for measuring joint angles

-

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17
Q

What are some benefits of goniometers

A

Simple to use and are relatively inexpensive compared to motion capture systems

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18
Q

What are some tools used to record kinetics

A

Pressure mats and insoles

Force plates

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19
Q

What type of info due forceplates imbedded in treadmills provide

A

the most detailed information about contact kinetics

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20
Q

What does combining kinematic and kinetic data do?

A

Allows us to use inverse dynamics to calculate joint forces, torques and muscle force

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21
Q

Phases of Gait can be based on…

A

important changes and transitions in kinetic and kinematic information

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22
Q

Stance phase is ___% of the gait cycle

A

62%

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23
Q

Swing phase is ___% of the gait cycle

A

38%

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24
Q

What comprises the gait cycle

A

62% stance phase, 38% swing phase, with two periods of double stance that occupy 25% of the gait cycle

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25
Q

The two period of double stance occupy ___% of the gait cycle

A

25%

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26
Q

What is initial contact

A

instantaneous point when leading foot touches the ground

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27
Q

What is loading response

A

Body weight transferred onto stance limb

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28
Q

What is midstance

A

When you are vaulting over limb, centre of mass is moving forward over limb
Contralateral foot leaves the ground and body weight travels along length of foot ntil aligned over the forefoot

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29
Q

What is terminal stance

A

Begins with heel rise, ends when opposite foot contacts the ground

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30
Q

What is preswing

A
  • It begins with opposite foot contact, ends with ipsilateral toe off
  • Stance limb unloaded and body weight transferred onto opposite limb
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31
Q

What is terminal contact

A

Instant when foot leaves the ground

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32
Q

What is initial swing

A

It begins the moment the foots leaves the ground and continues until maximum knee flexion occurs

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33
Q

What is midswing

A

begins following maximum knee flexion and ends when the tibia is in a vertical position

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34
Q

What is terminal swing

A

The tibia passes beyond perpendicular, and the knee fully extends in preparation for heel contact

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35
Q

why is the wing phase broken up purely kinematic

A

because we have no force measurement

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36
Q

What does timing of peak muscle activity tell us

A

about muscle function during gait

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37
Q

What is the muscle activation of the glutes during gait

A

Hip extension during loading response

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38
Q

What is the muscle activation of the quads during gait

A

Knee extension during loading response

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39
Q

What is the muscle activation of the calves during gait

A

ankle platarflexion during heel rise in terminal stance

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40
Q

why is the iliopsoad not active during gait

A

because it is relying on momentum

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41
Q

Why are glutes active at the end of gait cycle

A

to slow it down

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42
Q

Why is tibialis anterior active at the end of the cycle

A

to dorsiflex foot so it doesn’t hit the ground

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43
Q

When are the iliopsoas the most active in the gait cycle

A

Initial swing

44
Q

When are the hamstrings most active

A

loading response and terminal swing

45
Q

when are the triceps surae most active

A

terminal stance

46
Q

What are the iliopsoas doing during the gait cycle

A

hip flexion during pre and initial swing

47
Q

What are the hamstrings doings during the gait cycle

A

Hip extension to decelerate limb during terminal swing

48
Q

What are the tib ant doing during the gait cycle

A

ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase and loading to maintain foot position

49
Q

Hip changes from ___ to ___ just before terminal stance

A

extension to flexion

50
Q

Knee changes from ___ to ___ during swing

A

max flexion to max extension

51
Q

The ankle changes from ___ to____ just after terminal stance

A

plantar to dorsi

52
Q

What is the joint moment determined by

A
  1. The muscle moment

2. The amplitude and line of action of the ground reaction force

53
Q

What does joint moment tell us

A

gives us an understanding of what is happening in terms of the torque

54
Q

The flex/ext moment caused by the ground reaction for is related to…

A

whether the line of action passes in front or behind the joint

55
Q

What is centre of pressure

A

the instantaneous point of application of the ground reaction force

56
Q

What does measuring foot centre of pressure movement during walking tell us

A

about the point of application of the GRF vector and how we use our feet while walking

57
Q

What 3 functional tasks that walking can be broken down in to

A
  1. Weight acceptance
  2. Single-limb support
  3. Limb advancement
58
Q

What is weight acceptance

A

the demand for immediate transfer of body weight onto the limb as soon as it contact the ground

59
Q

What does weight acceptance require

A
  • Initial limb stability
  • Shock absorption
  • momentum of progression preservation
60
Q

What is single limb support

A

The total body weight is exclusively supported on the stance limb

61
Q

What does single limb support require

A

forward progression while maintaining stability

62
Q

What is limb advancement

A

the stand limb leaves the ground and advances forward to posture itself in preparation for next initial contact

63
Q

What is the inverted pendulum model

A

a mechanical analogy of how we walk

During a single limb support the body (CoG) vaults over the extended limb with minimal energy expenditure

64
Q

What is the redirection of the CofG during double limb support

A

over the extended limb and the inverted pendulum continues on the other side

65
Q

When is the major energy expenditure during double limb support

A

during the redirection portion

66
Q

During walking a major goal is…

A

Being energy efficient

67
Q

How is being energy efficient accomplished during walking

A

by minimizing unnecessary movement of the CofG

68
Q

What are the 6 determinants of gait

A
  1. Pelvic rotation
  2. Pelvic obliquity
  3. Knee flexion in stance phase
  4. Ankle mechanism
  5. Foot mechanism
  6. Lateral displacement of body
69
Q

During gait the pelvis rotates around the ___ axis

A

vertical

70
Q

What does pelvis rotation allow for during gait

A

greater steps

less bob

71
Q

Pelvic rotation about the vertical axis reduces…

A

the angle of hip flexion and extension, which in turn reduces the vertical movement of the hip

72
Q

if the pelvic did not rotate…

A

the whole of the stride length would come from hip flexion and extension

73
Q

What is pelvic obliquity

A

when you have pelvis or hip drop - reduces the bouncing up and down of CofG.
The vertical movement of the trunk is less that that of the hip, due to pelvic tilt about an anteroposterior axis

74
Q

Why do we do knee flexion in stance phase (gait determinants)

A

Without knee flexion, you vault higher and therefore have greater bob of centre of mass

75
Q

What is ankle mechanism

A

The initial contact to the ground. Body is at higher position then if foot was flat. This acts to extend limb maintaining CoM at a higher height

76
Q

what is the foot mechanism

A

at toe off body is at higher heigh (CoM doesnt drop as low) minimizes movement of centre of mass

77
Q

What is the lateral displacement of the body

A

stance width - if feet are really far apart when trying to walk, CoM moves back and forth a lot (left and right).

78
Q

What are some common simple measures that can provide sufficient information to compare the gait of individuals

A
  • Changes in swing stance ratio

- left/right asymmetry

79
Q

what will be the distribution of stance to swing phase in a patient with left hip avascular necrosis

A

58% stance, 42% swing in painful limb
and
69% stance, 31% swing in sound limb

80
Q

what will be the distribution of stance to swing phase in a patient with osteoarthritis in left hip

A

60% stance, 40% swing in painful limb
and
80% stance, 20% swing in sound limb

81
Q

What is lateral trunk bending

A

Bending the trunk towards the side of the supporting limb during the stance phase

82
Q

When is lateral trunk bending most commonly seen

A
  • Coxalgic gait

- Trendelenburn gait

83
Q

What is coxalgic gait

A

pelvis is parallel to ground but bent over

84
Q

What is trendelenburg gait

A

Have lean and hip drop. Pelvis is NOT parallel to ground. Happens as a result of abductor on side of lean

85
Q

What is the purpose of lateral trunk bending

A

to reduce the forces in the abductor muscles and hip joint during single leg stance

86
Q

What are 4 common causes of lateral trunk bending

A
  • Painful hip - osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
  • Hip abductor weakness
  • leg length discrepancy
  • Abnormal hip joint
87
Q

What is anterior trunk bending

A

The subject flexes his or her trunk forwards early in the stance phase

88
Q

What is the purpose of anterior trunk bending

A

to move the CoG of the body forwards, moving the line of force to pass in front of the axis of the knee, producing an extension moment

89
Q

Where is the line of action of the GRF normally found in early stance

A

passes behind the knee axis and generates a knee flexor moment

90
Q

GRF going behind the knee causes…

A

the knee to flex

91
Q

How do you stop knee from flexing when GRF is going behind the knee

A

you need to actively contract quads to resist flexion and extend knee

92
Q

When GRF is in front of knee it causes the knee to…

A

extend or to stay extended

93
Q

Do you use quads when the GRF is in front of the knee

A

no

94
Q

When does the GRF go in front of the knee

A

When you have quad weakness or other problem with knee where you dont want extra forces across the knee

95
Q

What is posterior trunk bending

A

the subject extends his or her trunk backwards early in the stance phase

96
Q

Normally, where does the line of action of the GRF pass in early stance

A

in front of the hip axis

97
Q

Which the line of action of the GRF passing in front of the hip axis what motion does it generate

A

a hip flexor moment

98
Q

What does posterior trunk bending do to the line of action of the GRF

A

brings it behind the hip joint

99
Q

What occurs if the line of action of the GRF is behind the axis of the hip joint?

A

creates a hip extensor moment

100
Q

which four gait abnormalities are closely related

A

Circumduction
Hip hiking
steppage
vaulting

101
Q

Why are circumduction, hip hiking, steppage, and vaulting all closely related

A

they all compensate to overcome the same problem - a functional discrepancy in leg length

102
Q

What is circumduction

A

A swing phase modification - avoiding ground contact by the swinging leg by swinging it outward

103
Q

What is hip hiking

A

swing phase modification, where the pelvis is lifted on the side of the swinging leg

104
Q

What is steppage

A

Swing phase modification - an exaggerated knee and hip flexion, to lift the foot higher than usual for increased ground clearance

105
Q

What is vaulting

A

stance phase modification - ground clearance is increased if the subject goes up on the toes of the stance phase leg

EPHE 341 (17 decks)

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