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Human Anatomy > Fundamentals of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Fundamentals of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system:

  • Master control and communication system
  • Has three overlapping functions:
    • Sensory ______ monitor _______ inside and outside the body
  • – Change = a _______
  • – Gathered information = _______ input
  • -_______ and _______ sensory input
  • – makes decisions - _______
    • Dictates a _______ by activating _______ organs (muscle or glands)
  • – Response = _______ output
A

receptors, changes

  • stimulus
  • sensory input

Gathers and processes
- decision - integration

Response
effector
motor

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2
Q

What are the most basic divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS

PNS

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3
Q

The CNS consists of the ______ and ______ _____.
It is the ________ and _______ centre

The PNS is _______ the CNS

  • Consists of ______ extending from the brain and spinal cord
    • _______ nerves link all regions of the body to the _____
  • _______ are clusters of neuronal _____ _____ outside the CNS
A

brain and spinal cord
integrating and command

outside
nerves
peripheral, CNS
ganglia, cell bodies in PNS

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4
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

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5
Q

Sensory ______ and motor ______:

Sensory (______) signals picked up by sensory ________.
- Carried by _____ fibres of the PNS to the CNS

Motor (_______) signals are carried away from the _____

    • innervate _____ or ______
  • — tell them to _______ or ______
A

Input, output

afferent, receptors
nerve

efferent, CNS
muscles, glands
contract, secrete

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6
Q

Whether sensory input or motor output, efferent and afferent always refer to what?

A

the CNS

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7
Q

The PNS is divided according to the region they serve:

  • _______ body region
    • consists of structures _____ to the _____ body cavity
  • ________ body region
    • consists of viscera ______ the _____ body cavity

Results in 4 main subdivisions of the PNS, which are?
Indicate which are outgoing motor commands, which are incoming sensory and from where they are coming from/where are they going to.

A

Somatic
- external to ventral body cavity

Visceral
- within the ventral body cavity

Somatic motor - outgoing motor command skeletal muscle - voluntary

visceral motor - outgoing motor commands to smooth muscle and cardiac and glands - involuntary

Somatic sensory - incoming sensory information from the outside

Visceral sensory - incoming sensory info from organs of the ventral body cavity

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8
Q

What are the viscera?

A

Organs of the ventral body cavity - abdominopelvic and thoracic
– heart, lungs, digestive organs

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9
Q

Draw out the complete nervous system organization.

Include a brief description of each and which organs are involved.

A

Refer to notes

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10
Q

What does somatic sensory detect?

What are the special somatic senses?

A

General somatic senses
- touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temperature, proprioceptive senses

Special somatic senses

  • hearing
  • balance/eqb
  • vision
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11
Q

How are propioceptive senses detected?

What is it?

A

Detect stretch in tendons and muscle. (joints)

body sense - position and movement of body in space

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12
Q

What does visceral sensory detect?

A

General visceral senses:
- stretch, pain, temperature, nausea and hunger

Special visceral senses:
- taste, smell

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13
Q

Describe both somatic motor and visceral motor.
In your answer provide which is the effector organ, if it is under voluntary control or not and indicate any further subdivisions.

A

Somatic motor

  • effectors are skeletal muscle
  • voluntary control

Visceral motor

  • effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and visceral organs
  • involuntary
  • makes up the ANS
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14
Q

What are the two main cell types of nervous tissue?

Briefly describe them

A

Neurons - conduct electrical signals
- excitable cells

Neuroglia - support cells

  • nonexcitable
  • surround and wrap neurons
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15
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

What are its special characteristics?

A

Neuron
Special characteristics:
- longevity
- do not divide (exception are neural stem cells)
- high metabolic rate (require lots of oxygen and glucose)

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16
Q

What are the different parts of a typical neurons?
Briefly describe.
For the first, decscribe how it changes between CNS and PNS.
For the second, describe the function and the direction of impulse conduction.
For the third, describe how many a typical neuron has, and the direction of impulse conduction.

A

Cell body - soma

  • contains a single nucleus surrounded by the cytoplasm
  • most cell bodies are in the CNS, ganglia are cell body clusters in the PNS

Dendrites

  • extensively branching from the cell body, receive signals from other neurons
  • increases SA for receiving synaptic communication
  • transmit signals toward the cell body

Axons

  • neuron has only one
  • impulse generator and conductor
  • transmit impulses away from the cell body
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17
Q

Describe how the diameter of an axon is important.

A

Larger diameter axons will conduct impulses faster.

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18
Q

Resistance in an axon decreases as _______ increases.

A

diameter

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19
Q

What do myelin sheaths effectively do?

A

Increase speed of conduction

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20
Q

What are the two major classifications of neurons?

A

Structural - based on the number of processes extending from the cell body.

Functional - based on the direction the nerve impulse travels relative to CNS

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21
Q

What are the subdivisions of the structural neuron classification? Describe.

A

Structural
- Multipolar: more than two processes; numerous dendrites, one axon, most abundant

  • bipolar: two processes; rare, found in special sensory organs
  • unipolar - pseudounipolar: one short, single process
  • starts off bipolar during development
  • majority of sensory neurons
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22
Q

What is the functional neuronal classification subdivided into. Describe each.

A 
Functional:
Sensory (afferent) neurons:
- impulses toward CNS
- virtually all unipolar
- cell bodies in ganglia outside PNS
- Short single process divides into:
-- central process - runs centrally to CNS
-- peripheral process - extends peripherally to the receptors

Motor (efferent) neurons:

  • carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs
  • most are multipolar
  • cell bodies within CNS

Interneurons:
- most are multipolar
- lie between motor and sensory neurons
confined to CNS

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23
Q

Neuroglia:
Six types of _______ cells.
- _ in the CNS
- _ in the PNS

Provide ______ for neurons by:

  • ______ the neurons
  • Keeping the electrical activities of ______ neurons from ________ with each other
A

supporting
4
2

support
insulating
adjacent
interfering

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24
Q

_________ are glial cells in the CNS.

  • they are much _____ than neurons
  • they _______ neurons (:)
  • make up half the mass of the ______
  • Can ______ throughout life
A 
Neuroglia
smaller
outnumber, 10:1
brain
divide
25
Q

________ are the most abundant glial cell

  • maintain close association between _______ and _______
  • increase ______ ____ to active regions of the brain
  • Take up and release ______ in order to control environment; also carry ______ to the blood
  • Regulate _______ levels
  • Aid in _______ formation and neuronal _______
  • ____-shaped
  • Essentially form the _____-______ ______
A 
Astrocytes
capillaries and neurons
blood flow
ions, wastes
neurotransmitter
synapse, growth
star
blood-brain barrier
26
Q

_______ are the smallest and least abundant glial cells

  • They are _______, essentially the _______ of the CNS
  • Derive from blood cells called _______
    • Thus, they do not originate in ______ tissue, instead they originate in the _____ ____
A 
Microglia
phagocytic, macrophages
monocytes
nervous tissue
bone marrow
27
Q

_________ cells line the ______ cavity of the spinal cord and brain
They bear _____ which help circulate the ____

A

ependymal
central
cilia
CSF

28
Q

_____ nourishes brain tissue and increases the ________ of the brain.
_____ is a filtrate of the _______ and is constantly refreshed.
_____ _______ - this is what creates the barrier between the blood and CSF within the nervous system
Anything that gets filtered through the blood to the CSF gets processed by _________ cells.

A

CSF, lightness
CSF, blood
CSF barrier
ependymal

29
Q

_________ wrap their cell processes around ______ in the ______ to produce _______ _______.

A

oligodendrocytes
axons
CNS
myelin sheaths

30
Q

What increases signal conduction?

A

Myelin sheaths and nodes de Ranvier

31
Q

What are the two neuroglia in the PNS?

What do they do?

A

Satellite cells - surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

Schwann cells - surround axons in the PNS to form myelin sheaths

32
Q

Where are myelin sheaths produced?

What do they do and what axons have them?

A

Produced in the CNS by oligodendrocytes.
Produced in the PNS by Schwann cells.
Surround thicker axons
Form an insulating layer to prevent cross-talk and increase the speed of conduction.

33
Q

Myelin sheaths in the PNS:

  • Formed by _______ cells
  • develop during the _____ period and in the ______ year
  • wrap in ________ layers around the axon
A

schwann
fetal, first
concentric

34
Q

What are neurilemma?

A

material external to myelin layers containing the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell.

35
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are _____ along axon (myelinated).
Thick axons are _______ and go to ______ ______.
Thin axons are _______ and conduct impulses more _______.

A

gaps
myelinated - skeletal muscles
unmyelinated
slowly

36
Q

__________ form the myelin sheaths in the CNS

  • have ________ processes
  • coil around _______ ______ axons
A

oligodendrocytes
multiple
several different

37
Q

Multiple sclerosis:

  • common cause of _______ disability
  • an _________ disease
    • immune system attacks the _______ around axons in the CNS
  • More _______ are affected than _____
  • Treatment is designed to relieve the _______ and lessen the ______ and duration of relapses but not reduce the _______ of attacks
A 
neural
autoimmune
myelin
women, men
symptoms, severity, duration
frequency
38
Q

Where are the effects of MS normally seen?

A

effector muscles

39
Q

Describe how women with MS, when they are pregnant, feel better.

A

Are immunosuppressed, body has time to heal itself, neuroglial cells can divide and repair.
If attacks too frequent, get scarring and plaque.

40
Q

What does sclerosis mean?

What is used to identify sclerosis?

A

Buildup of plaque

MRI

41
Q

What are nerves?

A

Cable-like organs in the PNS

- consist of numerous axons wrapped in CT

42
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

layer of delicate, loose CT surrounding the axon

43
Q

What is Perineurium?

A

CT surrounding a nerve fascicle

- groups of axons bound into bundles = nerve fasciscle

44
Q

What is epineurium?

A

Whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath.

45
Q

What are the three layers of nerves?

A

Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

46
Q

Neuron - _____ cell
Nerve fibre - long _____
Nerve - collection of _____ _____ in the PNS

A

nerve
axon
nerve fibres

47
Q

Describe the regeneration of the peripheral nerve fibre.

A

1 - Axon becomes fragmented at site of injury
2 - macropahges clean out the dead axon distal to injury
3 - axon sprouts or filaments, grow through a regeneration tube formed by Schwann cells
4 - axon regenerates, new myelin sheath formed

48
Q

Why is the PNS often recoverable after injury, but not the CNS?

A

PNS has schwann cells

Neuroglia in CNS never form bands to guide regrowth and may hinder axon growth with growth-inhibiting chemicals

49
Q

What is the current treatment for damaged axons in the CNS?

What are future treatments?

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent production of free radicals and cell death

Future:

  • neuronal stem cells
  • Schwann cell implants
  • identifying and blocking chemicals inhibiting axon growth
50
Q

Nerves of the PNS:

  • information pathways to and from the body periphery
  • ________ PNS fibres response to sensory stimuli and carry information to the _____
  • ________ PNS fibres transmit motor stimuli from ____ to ______ and _______
A

afferent, CNS

efferent, CNS, muscles, glands

51
Q

Nerves of the CNS:

  • composed of ________ that
  • receive and process ______ information
  • direct information to specific ______ regions
  • transport information from one area of the _____ to another
  • initiate appropriate _______ responses
A 
interneurons
sensory
CNS
CNS
motor
52
Q

______ _____ - simple chain of neurons that exhibits the structural link between the CNS and PNS
- responsible for _____

A

Reflex arcs

reflexes

53
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid, automatic motor responses

can be somatic (patellar tendon reflex) and visceral (vomiting)

54
Q

What are the five essential components of a reflex arc?

Describe each briefly

A

Receptor - site of stimulus
Sensory neuron - transmit afferent impulse to CNS
integration sensor - one or more synapses in the CNS
motor neuron - conduct efferent impulses to effector
effector - muscle or gland cell

55
Q

What are the different types of reflexes?

Give an example of each and briefly describe.

A

Monosynaptic

  • simplest
  • one synapse
  • fastest
    ex: knee-jerk reflex

Polysynaptic:

  • more common
  • most have a single interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron
    ex: withdrawal reflex
56
Q

Why is there a delay in feeling pain for certain reflexes?

A

Delay due to the time it takes to get information to the cerebral cortex.

57
Q

Simplified design of the nervous system:
Sensory neurons are located ______
- cell bodies are outside the _____ in sensory ______
- central processes enter ______ aspect of the spinal cord

Motor neurons are located ______
- axons exit the _______ aspect of the spinal cord

Interneurons are located _______.

  • confined to _____
  • comprise ____ of all neurons
A

dorsal
CNS
ganglia
dorsal

ventral
ventral

central
CNS
99%

58
Q

Incoming sensory goes into the spinal cord _______, outgoing motor goes out ______.
Interneurons are ________.
Motor neurons are ______.
Sensory neurons are _______.

A

dorsally, ventrally

multipolar, multipolar, unipolar

Human Anatomy (53 decks)

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