Fundamentals of Normal Human Gait Flashcards

1
Q

2 requirements for successful walking

A
  1. locomotor rhythm in intended direction

2. equilibrium

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2
Q

T/F Each limb is controlled by separate central pattern generator

A

true

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3
Q

Each CPG contains two groups of excitatory interneurons

A

Flexors and extensors motoneurons

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4
Q

excitatory interneurons do what

A

project to and control flexor and extensor motoneurons

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5
Q

Excitatory interneurons also known as

A

half centers

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6
Q

What reduces excitation in active half centre

A

undefined fatigue process

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7
Q

what is rhythm generator

A

gait speed (step cycle / phase duration

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8
Q

what is pattern formation

A

level of motor neurone activity

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9
Q

T/F CPG model progression includes descending control and sensory control

A

True

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10
Q

Different CPG model progression and original theory

A

progression model included rhythm generator and pattern formation

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11
Q

3 main functions brainstem

A

initiate locomotion
postural control
control of mm tone

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12
Q

What can be stimulated to initiate gait

A

MLR (mesencephalic locomotor region)

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13
Q

Neurons from MLR activate what

A

medial reticular formation

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14
Q

Medial reticular formation activates

A

spinal locomotor system

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15
Q

what happens if you increase intensity of stimulation of MLR

A

more force, more speed, mode progression (walking to a jog)

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16
Q

role of reticular formation

A

level of consciousness
perception pain
regulate cardio / resp system

*influence movement, posture, mm tone

17
Q

Is vestibulospinal tract direct or indirect connection

A

direct

18
Q

function spinocerebellar pathways

A

direct afferent feedback from sensory receptors related to locomotion to cerebellum

19
Q

locomotion sent to brainstem from? relayed to?

A

from the cerebellum

relayed to the spinal cord via vestibulospinal, rubrospinal and reiculospinal pathway

20
Q

Role cerebellum

A

accurate coordinated movement

21
Q

damage to cerebellum results in

A

ataxia

22
Q

types of uncoordinated movement

A

tremor, dysmetria, poor balance

23
Q

what is dysmetria

A

under or over shooting (i.e finger to nose and they can’t get it right)

24
Q

Basal ganglia brainstem spinal cord pathways contribute to?

A

automatmic control of movement

locomotion / postural tone

25
Q

Disease from damaged basal ganglia

A

Parkinson

26
Q

Role of motor cortex

A

create adaptable gait

take information from visual cortex

27
Q

Corticobasal ganglia loop involved in?

A

locomotor movemnt
volitional control
cognition

28
Q

3 senses related to locomotion

A

vision, proprioception, vestibular

29
Q

role of senses in locomotion

A

adapt, control, timing, reinforce mm, inter limb coordination

30
Q

Result of stumbling corrective response

A

inc flexion hip, knee, ankle for toe clearance

31
Q

2 inputs for transition from stance to swing

A

hip extension, limb unloading

32
Q

absence of ground support reduce or increase EMG activity

A

reduce

33
Q

how PT take advantage of CPG in humans

A

re train gait on treadmill
water treadmills
lokomat (robot assisted gait)

34
Q

cerebral cortex required for

A

adaptable locomotion