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YR1 S1 Physiology > Framework of the Human Body > Flashcards

Framework of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

what is Physiology?

A

The study of how living things function

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2
Q

What are the two concepts physiologists are interested in with regards to studying living things?

A
  • How individual parts function at various levels of organisation
  • How integration of individual parts affects the entire organism
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3
Q

How many types of specialised cells are there in the body?

A

200

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle cell?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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5
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Attached to bone or skin and under voluntary control

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6
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

found only in heart, involuntary control

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7
Q

what is smooth muscle?

A

surrounds many ‘tubes’ and vessels in the body. involuntary control

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8
Q

What different things can neurones synapse with?

A
  • Other neurones
  • Muscles
  • Glands
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9
Q

What occurs when neurones synapsing with a gland are stimulated?

A

-Causes secretion of a hormone

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10
Q

What occurs when neurones synapsing with muscle are stimulated?

A

-Causes muscle contraction

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11
Q

What occurs when neurones synapsing with other neurones are stimulated?

A

Propagation of the action potential

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12
Q

What is a collection of neurones?

A

Nervous Tissue

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13
Q

What is nervous tissue + connective tissue?

A

A nerve

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of epithelial cells?

A
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Squamous
  • Ciliated
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15
Q

What are the two key membranes of epithelial cells?

A
  • Basolateral

- Apical

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16
Q

What is the basolateral membrane of an epithelial cell?

A

The membrane closest to the basement membrane

17
Q

What is the apical membrane of an epithelial cell?

A

The membrane closest to the lumen

18
Q

What are 2 key features of barriers made by epithelial cells?

A
  • Apical and Basolateral Membrane may have different functions
  • Tight junctions can be formed between the cells
19
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

A
  • Loose Connective
  • Dense Connective
  • Bone and Cartilage
  • Adipose
  • Blood
20
Q

What is the immediate environment that surrounds all cells in the body?

A

Extracellular Fluid + Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

21
Q

What does the ECM consist of

A

Proteins, Polysaccharides and sometimes minerals

22
Q

What are the two general functions of the ECM?

A

Provides scaffold for cellular attachment

It transmits information to cells to regulate activity (e.g. migration, growth and differentiation)

23
Q

What are the two protein fibers of the ECM?

A

Collagen and Elastin

24
Q

What is an organ?

A

An Organ is something composed of f more than two types of the four tissues

25
Q

What are the different levels of organisation in the body?

A
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Functioning units of organs
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
26
Q

What is the fluid in the blood and surrounding cells?

A

Extracellular Fluid

27
Q

What proportion of extracellular fluid is in the blood plasma?

A

20-25%

28
Q

What is the extracellular fluid not found in the blood called?

A

Interstitial fluid

29
Q

Where is interstitial fluid found?

A

the interstitium

30
Q

explain the chain of different environments that ‘condition’ eachother through substance exchange

A

ICF is conditioned by ISF which is conditioned by plasma which is conditioned by the organs it passes through

31
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables. A balance of inputs and outputs

32
Q

what is the concept in homeostasis that describes how variables fluctuate with respect to time within a predictable range?

A

Dynamic constancy

33
Q

What is the term used to decribe situations where alterations to homeostasis outside the normal range occur?

A

Pathophysiology

34
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A mechanism where a variance in a variable from a set homeostatic point causes a response which brings the variable back to the set point

35
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

A mechanism where a variance in a variable from a set homeostatic point causes a response which accelerates the rate/magnitude of that variance

YR1 S1 Physiology (18 decks)

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