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Flashcards in Formulation of vaccines lecture Deck (22)
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1
Q

What should be contained within a vaccine?

A
  • Antigen
  • Immune stimulatory agent
  • Preservative, stabilisers
2
Q

What biological molecule do vaccines contain?

A

Proteins

3
Q

What is the purpose of vaccines?

A

Prime the adaptive immune system to the antigens of a particular microbe so that a rapid and effective response is generated on contact with the organism or its products

Prevention of disease

4
Q

List 5 features of an effective vaccine

A
  1. Safe
  2. Protective
  3. Sustained protection
  4. Induce an appropriate immune response
  5. Practical considerations - cost, stability, ease of administration, side effects
5
Q

What are the 2 main classes of therapeutic protein?

A
  1. Proteins and peptides
  2. Monoclonal antibodies

​→ Both are polypeptides

6
Q

How are therapeutic proteins and peptides used?

A

Selected for the closest replacement to endogenous proteins

7
Q

What are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies made artifically outside of the body then delivered to the patient

8
Q

How are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used?

A
  • Have the ability to bind to any antigen target
  • Range of effects - blocking, bindong, activating, killing
9
Q

Give 3 examples of proteins and peptides that are used therapeutically

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Growth hormone
  3. Cloting/blood factors
10
Q

List 2 examples of how monoclonal antibodies are used therapeutically

A
  1. Herceptin - used to treat some cancers
  2. Infliximab - autoimmune diseases e.g. Chron’s
11
Q

List the 3 vaccine types and some examples of the infections they protect against

A
  1. Live attenuated - Poilo, BCG (TB), Typhoid fever
  2. Inactivated (killed) - Influenza
  3. Sub-unit - Hep. B, Tetanus toxin
12
Q

List the 4 components of a vaccine

A
  1. Antigen - whole organism or its protein/polysaccharide
  2. Adjuvant - aluminium salts or gels
  3. Stabilisers - e.g. polysorbates
  4. Preservative - e.g. thimerosal/formaldehyde
13
Q

What is the purpose of the antigen in a vaccine?

A

Generates immune response to protect from future infection

14
Q

What is the purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine?

A
  • Helps create a stronger immune response in the body - i.e. helps vaccine work better
  • Often required for vaccines containing only the pathogen’s protein
15
Q

What is the purpose of stabilisers in a vaccine

A

Prevents physical or chemical degradation of antigen

16
Q

What is the purpose of a preservative in a vaccine?

A

Prevents microbial growth

17
Q

How are vaccines delivered?

A

Usually intramuscular injection

18
Q

Why do most vaccines have to be delivered via intramusclar injection?

A
  • Vaccine will drain into the lymph nodes
  • Immune responses occur in lymph nodes - T cells, B cells and dendritic cells are found here - site of action
19
Q

Why can vaccines not be delivered orally?

A

Vaccines made of protein - will just be digested and have no therapeutic effect

20
Q

List 4 formulation challenges for vaccines

A
  1. Stability
  2. Mechanism of action can be unclear
  3. Vaccines are not engineered - just developed my experiment
  4. Multiple doses often needed
21
Q

What are 2 possible formulations for vaccines in the future?

A
  1. Microneedle patches
  2. Oral vaccines
22
Q

What are microneedle patch vaccinations?

A
  • Avoids penetrating dermis - painless
  • Simple administration
  • Needles can be pre-loaded with or manufactured from dried vaccine
  • Delivery to tissue site rich with immune cells