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Intro to Speech Science > formant frequencies and spectrograms > Flashcards

formant frequencies and spectrograms Flashcards

1
Q

how are vowels categorized?

A

vowels are characterized by different patterns of formants and different qualities

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2
Q

what do formant frequencies depend on?

A

the length of an individual’s VT

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3
Q

format frequencies are lower/higher for…

A

lower for adult men and higher for women

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4
Q

formant frequencies for /a/ (hot)

A

F1=730 F2=1090 F3=2440

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5
Q

forman frequencies for /iy/ (beet)

A

F1=270 F2=2290 F3=3010

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6
Q

what is a spectrogram?

A

a visualization of a sound or sounds over time in terms of the amount of acoustic energy at different frequencies

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7
Q

spectrograms show…

A

frequency (on vertical axis), amplitude (represented by darkness), and time (bottom axis)!

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8
Q

what are resonant sounds?

A

vowels, diphthongs, glides, liquids, and nasals

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9
Q

obstruents

A

non resonant sounds (constriction is present in VT)

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10
Q

diphthongs

A

combination of 2 vowels, where formant transitions are slow

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11
Q

the formant transitions in diphthongs represent…

A

the change on tongue position, which also changes resonant frequencies

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12
Q

glides

A

quick and smooth vowel transitions from front to back tongue position or vice versa

  • no steady state, only transitions
    ex) j (eeya)
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13
Q

what are diphthongs and glides both characterized by?

A

FORMANT TRANSITIONS which are changes in the formant frequencies that occur as the VT resonance changes during the sound

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14
Q

spectrographic characteristics of stops include

A

silent gap, release burst, and voice onset time

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15
Q

voiceless stops are

A

complex aperiodic (P, T, K, and glottal)

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16
Q

voiced stops are

A

periodic and aperiodic (B, D, G)

17
Q

how are stops articulated?

A

1) there is a buildup of oral pressure because the VT is sealed off with complete constriction of the articulators
2) release of pressure

18
Q

which articulator may be constricted during a stop

A

lips, glottis, velar, and alveolar ridge

19
Q

what does a voiceless stop look like on a spectrogram?

A

THIN vertical line- because of its short duration and it covers a broad range of frequencies

only release burst is shown, pressure build up is a silent gap in time.

20
Q

what does a voiced stop look like on a spectrogram?

A

same as voiceless stop, but because the vocal folds vibrate, its also periodic, which means there is a Fo, harmonics, and formants.

Fo=voice bar (lowest frequency)
F1= formant 1
F2= formant 2
F3= formant 3

21
Q

what does fundamental frequency reflect?

A

vocal FOLD vibration/pitch

22
Q

what do formant frequencies reflect?

A

the vocal TRACT, formants change the quality of a sound

23
Q

aspiration

A

noise generated by turbulent airflow (released pressure)

24
Q

there is more aspiration generated during…

A

voiceless stops

25
Q

how are fricatives produced?

A

1) a narrow channel is created by articulators for air to flow through
2) air is forced through the channel and makes an aperiodic sound when voiceless and aperiodic and periodic when voiced

26
Q

frication

A

the result of turbulent airflow in a fricative and is dipicted as a winde band of energy distributed over a broad range of frequencies

27
Q

how are voiceless fricatives shown on a spectrogram?

A

THICK vertical lines that cover a broad range of frequencies

fricatives are continuous vs. stops which are transient

28
Q

how are voiced fricatives shown on a spectrogram?

A

same as voiceless with voice bar and formants

29
Q

affricates

A

are continuous also, they are a stop + fricative

30
Q

how are nasals produced?

A

1) block air from exiting oral cavity (velum is lowered, full blockage in oral cavity)
2) air exits nasal cavity

31
Q

nasal formant

A

an additional high energy low frequency formant because of nasal cavity

32
Q

antiformants

A

areas of REDUCED acoustic energy

33
Q

why do antiformants occur?

A

because air in the oral cavity is trapped and acts as a band stop filter, which means it resonates frequencies outside of its bandwidth and damps those within.

34
Q

coarticulation

A

occurs when articulators move almost simultaneously in the production of adjacent sounds

the acoustic characteristics of the upcoming sound influence the preceding sound

the acoustic characteristics of the preceding sound influence the following sound

ex) Ki Ku
dim did

35
Q

liquids

A

not turbulent. mostly laminar

no formant transitions! look like vowels on spectrograms

36
Q

suprasegmentals

A

intonation and stress!

37
Q

intonation

A

variation in Fo levels throughout utterance

rise fall
fall rise

38
Q

stress

A

relative emphasis on a syllable or a word

Intro to Speech Science (6 decks)

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