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NUR 152 Final Exam > Fluid and Electrolyte > Flashcards

Flashcards in Fluid and Electrolyte Deck (32)
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1
Q

2 fluid compartments of body

A

intracellular

extracellular

2
Q

3 parts of extracellular fluids

A

interstitial
intravascular
transcellular

3
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
no energy required

4
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

requires a protein carrier
no energy required
ex: glucose transportation

5
Q

active transport

A

molecules move against the concentration gradient
uses energy
ex: sodium-potassium pump

6
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water down the concentration gradient
from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration
no energy

7
Q

normal Na+ level

A

135-145 mEq/L

8
Q

normal K+ level

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

9
Q

normal Ca+ level

A

8.5-10.2 mEq/L

10
Q

normal Mg+ level

A

1.3–2.1 mEq/L

11
Q

normal PO4- level

A

1.7–2.6 mEq/L

12
Q

normal Cl- level

A

95–105 mEq/L

13
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces

14
Q

S/SX of FVD

A

hypotension
weak, thready pulse
tachycardia

15
Q

S/SX of low protein

A

weight gain, pulmonary congestion, edema, hypotension, increased HR, weak pulse

16
Q

causes of FVD

A

diarrhea, hemorrhage, inadequate intake, shift from plasma into interstitial space, diuretics, third spacing, insensible loss

17
Q

causes of FVE

A

excessive IV fluids, HF, Renal failure, SIADH, Cushing,

18
Q

S/SX of FVD

A

restless, lethargic, thirst, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, decreased cap refill, increased HR and RR, postural hypotension, seizure, weight loss

19
Q

S/SX of FVE

A

bounding pulse, increased BP, HA, peripheral edema, dyspnea, crackles, weight gain, muscle spasms

20
Q

interventions for fluid imbalances

A

monitor I/O, cardio, respiratory, neuro, daily weight, skin turgor

21
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A
IV fluids
hypertonic tube feedings
near-drowning in saltwater
excessive Na+ intake
diabetes insipidus
Cushing
22
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A
GI losses
diuretics
burns
wound drainage
fasting diet
SIADH
HF
23
Q

S/SX of hypernatremia

A
restless, agitated
thirst
decreased BP, increased pulse
flushed
peripheral edema
24
Q

S/SX of hyponatremia

A

irritability, confused, dizzy
tremors, increased pulse, cold, clammy
N/V, diarrhea, cramps

25
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A
excessive intake
K+ containing/sparing drugs
tumor lysis
crush syndrome
renal disease
ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs
26
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A
D- diuretics, diarrhea, drugs
I- inadequate intake
T- too much water intake
C- Cushing's syndrome
H- heavy fluid loss (vomit, sweat, wound drainage, NG suction)

corticosteroids, diuretics, laxatives, chemotherapy

27
Q

S/SX of hypokalemia

A
"7 Ls"
Lethargic
low, shallow RR
lethal cardiac changes
loss of urine
leg cramps
limp muscles
low BP/HR
confusion
constipation
hypoactive bowel
abdominal distention
decreased DTR
28
Q

S/SX of hyperkalemia

A
"MURDER"
M- muscle weakness
U- urine production low/absent
R- respiratory failure
D- decreased cardiac contractability (decreased HR)
E- early signs of muscle twitch (cramps)
R- rhythm changes
S- seizures
29
Q

causes of hypercalcemia

A
"HIGH CAL"
H-hyperparathyroidism
I- increased intake of Ca
G- glucocorticoids
H- hyperthyroidism
C- calcium excretion decreased (thiazides, renal failure, bone cancer)
L- lithium usage
30
Q

S/SX of hypercalcemia

A
"WEAK"
W-weak muscles
E- EKG changes (short QT, long ST)
A- absent reflexes, absent minded
K- kidney stones

constipation, N/V, anorexia, lethargic, stupor, coma

31
Q

causes of hypocalcemia

A
"LOW CALCIUM"
L- low PTH
O- oral intake inadequate
W- wound drainage system
C- Celiac's Crohn's (malabsorption)
A- acute pancreatitis
L- low vitamin D intake
C- chronic kidney disease
I- increased phosphorus level
U- using meds (laxative abuse)
M- mobility issues

chronic diarrhea
increased PO4

32
Q

S/SX of hypocalcemia

A
"CRAMPS"
C- confusion
R- Reflexes hyperactive (increased DTR)
A- arrhythmia
M- muscle spasms/cramps/tetany
P- positive Trousseau
S- sign of Chvostek

numbness, tingling of extremities, laryngospasm, seizure