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ANTH 101 > Final Terminology > Flashcards

Final Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of all cognition, human and animal, from an evolutionary perspective; seeking similarities and differences.

A

evolutionary cognition

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2
Q

the (mis)attribution of humanlike characteristics and experiences to other species.

A

anthropomorphism

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3
Q

a worldview revolving around the human species; centered on humans.

A

anthropocentrism

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4
Q

an organism’s subjective perceptual world.

A

umwelt

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5
Q

the ability to attribute mental states to others, such as knowledge, intentions, and beliefs; perspective taking.

A

theory of mind

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6
Q

study of human-animal interactions

A

anthrozoology

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7
Q

cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive.

A

economy

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8
Q

the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region.

A

carrying capacity

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9
Q

exchange of goods and services one for the other.

A

barter

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10
Q

practices and organizations that reallocate resources for the collective good.

A

leveling mechanisms

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11
Q

exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.

A

redistribution

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12
Q

humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat.

A

food foragers

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13
Q

food production involving the domestication of animals…not agriculture.

A

pastoralism

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14
Q

cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor.

A

horticulture

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15
Q

intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land.

A

agriculture

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16
Q

industrial production based on a social contract between labor, corporations, and government.

A

fordism

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17
Q

flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profit in an era of globalization
• Offshoring
• Outsourcing
• Global cities

A

flexible accumulation

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18
Q

economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government; promotes privatization of public assets.

A

neoliberalism

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19
Q

a person who enters a new country to live.

A

immigrant

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20
Q

a person who leaves their country.

A

emigrant

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21
Q

the forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country.

A

pushes and pulls

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22
Q

factors that enable or inhibit migration.

A

bridges and barriers

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23
Q

movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated.

A

chain migration

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24
Q

organizations created for mutual support of immigrants from the same hometown or region.

A

hometown associations

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25
Q

resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, etc. in their country of origin.

A

remittances

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26
Q

persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill.

A

labor immigrants

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27
Q

highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country.

A

professional immigrants

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28
Q

migration of highly skilled professionals from periphery countries to core countries.

A

brain drain

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29
Q

assets and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital.

A

social capital

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30
Q

small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory.

A

band

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31
Q

an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state.

A

tribe

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32
Q

autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief.

A

chiefdom

33
Q

autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend territory.

A

state

34
Q

the ability to dominate a group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat of force.

A

hegemony

35
Q

local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities.

A

Civil Society Organization (NGOs)

36
Q

contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence.

A

Militarization

37
Q

form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs.

A

structural violence

38
Q

potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power.

A

agency

39
Q

collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies.

A

social movement

40
Q

creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements.

A

framing process

41
Q

a set of beliefs and rituals based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community.

A

religion

42
Q

person who sacrifices their life for the sake of their religion.

A

martyr

43
Q

individual considered exceptionally close to God and who is then exalted after death.

A

saint

44
Q

anything considered holy.

A

sacred

45
Q

anything considered unholy.

A

profane

46
Q

an act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of community and belonging.

A

ritual

47
Q

category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group.

A

rite of passage

48
Q

first stage of a rite of passage.

A

Separation

49
Q

stage in a rite when a participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, being set apart, to achieve a new perspective on the past, future, and current community; inbetweenness.

A

liminality

50
Q

final stage of a rite of passage.

A

reincorporation

51
Q

sense of camaraderie, common vision of what constitutes a good life, and a commitment to take social action toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage.

A

communitas

52
Q

religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment.
(ex. The Muslim Hajj to Mecca)

A

pilgrimage

53
Q

theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles.

A

cultural materialism (Harris)

54
Q

part-time religious practitioners with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings.

A

Shamans

55
Q

use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in a certain ways, whether for good or for evil.

A

magic

56
Q

ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desired magical result.

A

imitative magic

57
Q

ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person.

A

contagious magic

58
Q

anything that represents something else.

A

symbols

59
Q

complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning.

A

authorizing process

60
Q

a discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional.

A

disease

61
Q

the individual patient’s experience of being unwell.

A

illness

62
Q

individual’s public expression of illness and disease, including social expectations about how one should behave and how others will respond; cultural performance.

A

sickness

63
Q

local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values.

A

ethnomedicine

64
Q

documentation and description of local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.

A

ethnopharmacology

65
Q

a practice that seeks to apply the principals of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting health.

A

biomedicine

66
Q

an ethnomedical practice focused on balancing one’s qi to promote and improve health.

A

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

67
Q

combining ethnomedicine (often TCM) and biomedicine to diagnose and treat disease and promote health.

A

integrative medicine

68
Q

the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing; creates tensions if not embraced by practitioners.

A

medical pluralism

69
Q

all ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspiration to others.

A

art

70
Q

creative expression and communication often associated with cultural elites.

A

fine art

71
Q

creative expression and communication often associated with the general population.

A

popular art

72
Q

an (assumed) intrinsic way of perceiving art.

A

universal gaze

73
Q

the perception of an object’s antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture.

A

authenticity

74
Q

global flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries; the internet?

A

global mediascape

75
Q

an ethnographic approach to studying the tensions that may exist when visual worlds collide.

A

media worlds

76
Q

communication based on computer and internet based technologies that facilitate sociality.

A

social media

77
Q

the study of music in cultural contexts.

A

ethnomusicology

78
Q

a musical genre combining body movement and voice.

A

kinetic orality

ANTH 101 (14 decks)

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