What is the Link between Context Dependent Memory and TAP?
Memory should be good when encoding and retrieval processes are same.
Purpose of Gooden and Baddeley’s study
To examine physical context and its influence on memory using a 2 BY 2 Design
Theory that assumes that the context present during study and recall can influence memory.
Context Dependent Memory- Physical Context
Physical environment in which ppl study on a n attempt to recall something
Physical Context
Theory that assumes memory is influenced by the internal state of ppl. at study and test
State Dependent Memory
Freud’s Repression and Stressful Events Theory:
Ppl. repress stressful events in memory.
Results of the Gooden and Baddeley’s study of context- dependent memory (study and test)
Recall was
High Recall=study beach & recall beach
Low Recall=study on water & recall on beach
Low Recall=study beach & recall on water
High Recall=study on water &recall on water
Encoding Specificity Principle
The interaction between context dependent memory and retrieval cues
Link between Context Dependent Memory and ESP
Results of the Bartlett study of state-dependent memory (study and test)
High Recall=study happy state & recall happy state
Low Recall=study neutral state &recall happy state
Low Recall= study happy state & recall neutral state
High Recall=study neutral state & recall neutral state
Predictions of Bartlett study
Memory should be good when internal state is same during study and test
Purpose of Levinger and Clark Study
To test Freud’s theory of Repression & Stressful events
That is people repress stressful events in memory
Procedure of Levinger and Clark Study
Part. are presented with a cue (stressful or non-stressful) and then asked to say the first word that comes to mind.
Predictions of Levinger and Clark Study
(DV1) RTs/GRSs -Slow=Neg. cues (stressful) -Fast=Neu. cues (non-stressful) CONFIRMED! (DV2) Jung's Cued Recall Task Focus Recall High=Neu. cues Focus Recall Low=Neg. cues CONFIRMED!
Results of Levinger and Clark Study
Confirmed predictions
Walker’s Theory on Stress vs. Freud’s predictions
Effect of stress on memory depends on the DELAY b/w experiencing an event and recalling that event
P>=C
P<=No C b/c interfering with the encoding of the event b/c they are stressing at the time
Visual Memory
Component that stores and processes visual info. notably non-verbal visual images
Memory disorder with the inability to remember things that occurred before the event that caused the amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Procedure that involves shocking the brain and induces retrograde amnesia (often used with patients of clinical depression who are not responsive to traditional therapy
ECS
The component of the loop that stores speech code (speech we hear and text we read, after its converted into speech code)
Phonological Store
Has two functions, the conversion function and the rehearsal function
Articulatory Control Process
Convert text into speech code, and to transfer that speech code to the Phonological Store where it can be consciously analyzed.
Conversion function of the ACP
rehearse speech code that is in the phonological store, to prevent it from being forgotten
Rehearsal Function of the ACP
Ability to focus on items that sound similar or different from each other
Phonological Similarity Effect
Focus of the PSE
Interference of similar sounding items
Failure to obtain a PSE because similar and dissimilar items are both recalled poorly.
Articulary Suppression of Phonological Similarity- Effect As of PSE
Explanation for AS of PSE
Conversion of ACP is disabled and part. cannot read the target items.
Theory that argues that forgetting occurs because info. in memory is not properly stored and therefore fades and is forgotten because its not sufficiently rehearsed.
Consolidation Theory
Stage one of processing in Consolidation Theory
Perseveration Stage where
Preparatory Stage of processing, in which info. in memory is subconsciously rehearsed.
Subconscious rehearsal that occurs below (w/out) the level of conscious awareness (rehearsed in your brain without you being aware of it)
Stage two of processing in Consolidation Theory
Consolidation Stage, the final stage of processing in which info. is now stored in LTM, after being rehearsed subconsciously.
Study on effect of sleep on memory
Jenkins and Dallenbach Study
Purpose of Jenkins and Dallenbach Study
To examine the effects of sleep, dependent on how long the part. slept
Predictions of Jenkins and Dallenbach Study
Main effect of state:
Memory should be high for part who sleep are exposed to a few distractions. And Consolidation Theory predicts that memory should be low for part. who remained awake b/c they are exposed to distractions which exposes rehearsal and memory
Findings od Jenkins and Dallenbach Study
Findings confirm the predictions
Study that involved three phases; learning syllables, sleep/awake, and relearning syllables
Ebbinhaus’ early studies examining the benefits of sleep
Problems with Ebbinhaus studies on sleep
He was the subject and the experimenter and questions about his study being replicated arose.
Length of intervals between testing in Jenkins and Dallenbach Study
- or 8 hours of remaining awake or sleeping
Study examined whether Retrograde Amnesia was going to impair the events shortly before the amnesia or long after the amnesia
Duncan’s Study on Retrograde Amnesia
Findings of Duncan’s Study on Retrograde Amnesia
Over time the rat learns to associate the light and upcoming shock and is able to jump to the electrified side before being shocked.