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Biology 107 > FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL Flashcards

1
Q 
contains nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, and lipids
composed of cells
grow and reproduce
use energy and raw materials
respond to environment 
maintain homeostasis 
have adaptive traits
A

7 characteristics of life

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2
Q

smallest unit of life

A

cells

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3
Q

relatively constant and self correcting internal environment

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

list the four kingdoms within the domain eukarya

A

protists fungi plants animals

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5
Q

method for gathering information and acquiring knowledge

A

scientific method

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6
Q

classifications of humans

A 
domain- eukarya
kingdom- animals
phylum- chordates
class- mammals
order- primates
family- hominids
genus- homo
species- homo sapiens
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7
Q

steps in the scientific method

A 
observe and ask a question
form hypothesis
test experiment and collect new data 
draw conclusions
repeat as needed 
possibly form theory
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8
Q

goes through all the steps of the experiment but lacks factor being tested

A

control

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9
Q

factor being tested

A

experimental/ independent

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10
Q

change/effect that occurs because of experimental variable

A

responding/dependent

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11
Q

6 most common elements found in the body

A

O, C, H, N, Ca, P

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12
Q

smallest unit of an element

A

atom

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13
Q

contains protons and neutrons

A

nucleus

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14
Q

+

A

protons

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15
Q

0

A

neutrons

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16
Q
  • ; move around the nucleus
A

electrons

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17
Q

2 or more atoms bond to each other

A

molecule

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18
Q

a molecule with atom of at least two different elements bonding

A

compound

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19
Q

atoms share electrons to complete outer shell

A

covalent bond

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20
Q

atom or group of atoms that carries either a + or - electrical charge

A

ionic bonds

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21
Q

very weak bond/ easily broken

A

hydrogen bond

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22
Q

result from the transfer of electrons between atoms

A

ionic bond formation

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23
Q

pH 7.0

A

neutral

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24
Q

pH

A

acid

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25
Q

pH> 7.0

A

base

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26
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4

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27
Q

4 groups of polymers/macromolecules found in living things

A

carbs lipids protein nucleic acid

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28
Q

3 best know monosaccrides

A

glucose, frutose, galactose

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29
Q

permanent disruption of protein structure/shape - loss of function

A

denaturation

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30
Q

what causes denaturation

A

caused by high temps or changes in pH

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31
Q

what is the function of enzymes

A

speeds up chemical reaction

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32
Q

how are most enzymes named

A

“ase” and named for their subtrate

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33
Q

genetic info in cells- in chromosomes

A

DNA

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34
Q

converts the genetic info in DNA into proteins

A

RNA

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35
Q

3 phosphate groups

A

ATP

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36
Q

TWISTED DOUBLE STRAND

A

DNA

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37
Q

single strand

A

RNA

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38
Q

adenine, ribose, (adenosine)

A

ATP

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39
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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40
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

RNA

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41
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP

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42
Q

cell- simpler and smaller; primary bacteria

A

prokaryotic

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43
Q

cells of all other organisms, including animals

A

eukaryotic

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44
Q

e.coli

A

prokaryotic

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45
Q

plants, animals

A

eukaryotic

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46
Q

2 major components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid and proteins

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47
Q

thin outer covering of cell

A

plasma membrane

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48
Q

regulates movement of substances into and out of cell

A

selectively permeable

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49
Q

random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

simple diffusion

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50
Q

type of diffusion in which H2O moves across a membrane from a region of high H2O concentration to a region of lower H2O concentration

A

osmosis

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51
Q

movement of substances across membrane from a lower conc to a higher conc with the aid of a carrier protein

A

active transport

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52
Q

movement of a substance from a region of higher conc to a region of lower conc to a region of lower conc with the aid of a membrane protein

A

facilitated diffusion

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53
Q

movement when large substances leave cell

A

exocytosis

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54
Q

movement when cell engulfs substance

A

endocytosis

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55
Q

cell eating

A

phagocytosis

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56
Q

cell drinking

A

endocytosis

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57
Q

is a passive movement

A

facilitated transport

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58
Q

is an active movement

A

active transport

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59
Q

H2O moves out of cell

A

hypertonic

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60
Q

H2O moves into and out of cell equally

A

isotonic

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61
Q

H2O moves into cells

A

hypotonic

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62
Q

jellylike solution inside cell

A

cytoplasm

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63
Q

contains genetic info (DNA) that is passed from generation to generation

A

nucleus

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64
Q

separates nucleus from cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

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65
Q

openings in the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear pore

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66
Q

protein synthesis- where amino acids are assembled into proteins

A

ribosomes

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67
Q

system of interconnecting membrane channels

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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68
Q

set of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs

A

golgi complex

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69
Q

membrane bound vesicles

A

lysosome

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70
Q

energy needs of cell

A

mitochondria

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71
Q

complex network of fibers within cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

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72
Q

short and numerous- sweeps stuff

A

cillia

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73
Q

long- usually just one; move cell

A

flagella

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74
Q

how many chromosomes do have cells have

A

46 chromosomes - 23 pairs

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75
Q

the “powerhouse” of the cell

A

mitochondria

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76
Q

cellular energy is in what form

A

food?

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77
Q

series of many chemical reactions where O2 is required ; aerobic respiration

A

cellular respiration

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78
Q

the breakdown of glucose without o2

A

fermentation

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79
Q

4 phases of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
transition reaction
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain

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80
Q

is cellular respiration or fermentation more energy efficient

A

cellular respiration

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81
Q

what happens to the co2 produce during cell respiration

A

diffused out of cells into blood and taken to lungs to be exhaled

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82
Q

when does fermentation occur

A

process stops at end of glycolysis

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83
Q

list the list of how life is organized from cell to organ systems

A

cells-tissues-organs-organ system

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84
Q

cover body surfaces, lines body cavities and organs, and forms glands

A

epithelial tissue

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85
Q

provides body and its organs with protection and support

A

connective tissue

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86
Q

responsible for body movement and movement of substances through the body

A

muscle tissue

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87
Q

conducts nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

A

nervous tissue

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88
Q

attached to bone

A

skeletal

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89
Q

only found in heart

A

cardiac

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90
Q

in walls of hollow organs

A

smooth

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91
Q

muscle tissues that are involuntary

A

cardiac smooth

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92
Q

muscle tissue that is voluntary

A

skeletal

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93
Q

makes up brain, spinal cords, and nerves

A

nervous tissue

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94
Q

consists of skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

A

integumentary system

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95
Q

two systems that maintain homeostasis in the body

A

nervous and endocrine system

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96
Q

what happens if homeostasis fails

A

illness or death

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97
Q 
support
movement
protection
storage of minerals
storage of fat
blood cell formation
A

functions of bones

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98
Q

examples of bones used for protection

A

skull, sternum, ribs

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99
Q

what minerals are stored in bones

A

calcium and phosphorus

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100
Q

where are blood cells formed

A

in red bone marrow

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101
Q

why is bone a living tissue

A

it has many cells -osteocytes

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102
Q

how many bones do we have in our body

A

206

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103
Q

places where bones meet

A

joints

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104
Q 
movement
posture
support internal organs
move blood and lymph 
generates heart
A

functions of skeletal muscle

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105
Q

integrates and coorindates all the bodys varied activities

A

nervous sytem

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106
Q

conduct info toward brain and spinal cord

A

sensory neurons

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107
Q

carry info away from brain and spinal cord to an effector

A

motor neurons

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108
Q

found only within brain and spinal cord

A

interneurons

109
Q

2 possible effectors of motor neurons

A

muscles or glands

110
Q

has normal organelles, nucleus, etc

A

cell body

111
Q

single long extension that carries messages away from cell body to either another cell or to an effector

A

axon

112
Q

many short, branching projections

A

dendrites

113
Q

chemicals that cause an impulse to move from cell to cell

A

neurotransmitter

114
Q

junction between a neuron and another cell

A

synapse

115
Q

2 major divisions of the nervous system and list the organs within each

A

central nervous- brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous- nerves

116
Q

2 major functional divisions of the PNS and provide functions

A

somatic NS- directs voluntary movement

autonomic NS- regulates involuntary bodily activites

117
Q

2 divisions of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

118
Q

serve as the bodys central command center, coordinating and regulating the bodys other systems

A

brain

119
Q

higher level thinking, interpreting sensations, language, decision making, creativity, memory

A

cerebrum

120
Q

relays information to appropriate higher brain centers

A

thalamus

121
Q

connects nervous and endocrine system; controls heart rate, BP, breathing rate, body temp, food intake, center for emotions

A

hypothalamus

122
Q

coordinate voluntary movement with input from joints, muscles, eyes, and inner ears

A

cerebellum

123
Q

autonomic centers for breathing, heart rate and digestive activities

A

brain stem

124
Q

helps produce emotions and memory

A

limbic system

125
Q

3 components of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

126
Q

conduct messages between brain and body; serve as reflex center

A

spinal cord

127
Q

touch, pressure, vibration, temp

A

general senses

128
Q

tough white of the eye; protection and attachment to eye muscles

A

sclera

129
Q

transparent front of eye; window of eye

A

cornea

130
Q

contains blood vessels to supply chemicals and O2 to tissues of the eye

A

choroid

131
Q

colored portion of the eye; regulates amount of light entering eye

A

iris

132
Q

send signal to brain via optic nerve

A

retina

133
Q

transparent, elastic, roundish structure behind iris and pupil

A

lens

134
Q

for vision in dim light and black and white vision

A

rods

135
Q

for color vision

A

cones

136
Q

the receiver

A

outer ear

137
Q

the amplifier

A

middle ear

138
Q

the transmitter

A

inner ear

139
Q

gathers sound and channels it into the

A

pinna

140
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

141
Q

3 bones in the ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

142
Q

balance and equilibrium

A

vestibular apparatus

143
Q

why are middle ear infections more common in kids

A

straighter and shorter auditory tube

144
Q

where are olfactory receptors

A

in roof of nasal cavity

145
Q

cells are stimulated by odor molecules and message is sent to limbic system and cerebrum

A

olfactory receptors

146
Q

5 primary tastes

A 
sweet 
salty
sour
bitter
umami
147
Q

where are hormones made

A

endocrine glands

148
Q

regulate and coordinate other body systems and thus maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine system

149
Q

endocrine function is the same as what other system in the body

A

nervous system

150
Q

functions: transportation, protection, regulation

A

blood

151
Q

what is the main component of plasma

A

h2o

152
Q

where are the formed elements of blood made

A

in red bone marrow by stem cells

153
Q

blood clotting

A

platelets

154
Q

many squeeze out of blood vessels to site of infection, tissue damage or inflammation

A

wbc

155
Q

pick up o2 in lungs and carry it to body cells

A

rbc

156
Q

most numerous type of blood cell in our body

A

rbc

157
Q

2 major components of the cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

158
Q

bodys transportation network

A

cardiovascular system

159
Q

list the blood vessels within the bodys circuit

A

heart-arti\eries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-heart

160
Q

tubes that transport blood away from heart

A

arteries

161
Q

exchange of materials between blood and body cells

A

capillaries

162
Q

tubes that return blood back to heart

A

veins

163
Q

walls of the capillaries are only 1 cell layer thick because…

A

it allows materials through easily and quickly

164
Q

pumps blood to lungs

A

right side of heart

165
Q

pumps blood to rest of body

A

left side of heart

166
Q

upper smaller chambers that receive blood returning to the heart

A

2 atria

167
Q

lower larger chambers; pushes blood out of heart

A

2 ventricles

168
Q

heart-lungs-heart

A

pulmonary circuit

169
Q

heart-body tissues-heart

A

systemic circuit

170
Q

heart-heart muscle cells- heart

A

coronary circulation

171
Q

where does lymph originate

A

lymphatic system

172
Q

return excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream
transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the blood stream
help defend against disease causing organisms

A

functions of lymphathic system

173
Q

targets pathogens

A

bodys defense system

174
Q

organisms that cause disease or infection

A

pathogens

175
Q

three lines of defense

A

keep foreign organisms out of body; attack any foreign organisms inside the body; destroy a specific type of foreign organism inside body

176
Q

4 ways in which the body attacks any foreign organisms, molecules, or cancer cells inside body

A

defensive cells, defensive proteins, inflammation, fever

177
Q

slows growth of bacteria; stimulates body defense response

A

fever

178
Q

is specific to pathogen and has memory

A

immune system

179
Q

why is o2 important

A

helps make ATP energy via cellular respiration

180
Q

provide body with O2 and dispose of CO2

A

functions of respiratory system

181
Q

upper respiratory structures

A

nose- nasal cavity- pharynx- larynx

182
Q

filters, warms, and moistens air

A

upper respir system

183
Q

move air to gas exchange surface and gas exchange

A

lower respir system

184
Q

lower respiratory structures

A

trachea- bronchial tree- lungs

185
Q

voice box

A

larynx

186
Q

throat

A

pharynx

187
Q

windpipe

A

trachea

188
Q

thin walled round chamber that is surround by many capillaries for gas exchange in and out; provides huge surface area for gas exchange

A

alveoli

189
Q

viral- many different viruses can cause; no antibiotics

A

common cold

190
Q

viral- many kinds and no antibiotics

A

flu

191
Q

fluid accumulates in alveoli and bronchioles swell

A

pneumonia

192
Q

bacterial infection- antibiotic treatment

A

strep throat

193
Q

thick, sticky mucus- clogs air passageways and traps bacteria

A

cystic fibrosis

194
Q

what type of microorganisms cause the common cold and flu

A

viral

195
Q

why is it taking an antibiotic inappropriate for the common cold and flu

A

because antibiotics are for bacterial not viral

196
Q

list organs in the gastrointestinal tract

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

197
Q

4 digestive assessory organs

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

198
Q

mechanical breakdown of food

A

teeth

199
Q

moistens and binds food

contains enzyme to begin digestion of sugars and starches

A

salivary glands

200
Q

what begins digestion by the saliva

A

proteins

201
Q

what is the tongue made of

A

a muscle

202
Q

store food and regulate release of food to small intest
liquefy food
carry out initial digestion of proteins

A

stomach

203
Q

functions: chemical digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

204
Q

primary site of absorption of nutrients

A

absorption

205
Q

largest region of the large intestine

A

colon

206
Q

absorbs h2o and ions

stores, forms, and expels feces

A

large intestine

207
Q

the location where the pancreatic enzymes are released

A

first part of small intestine

208
Q

physically breaks down fats for increase enzyme action

A

bile function

209
Q

secrete it into gall bladder and small intestine

A

bile

210
Q

where is bile produced

A

in liver

211
Q

stores and releases bile into small intestine

A

gall bladder

212
Q

when is the gall bladder needed

A

in response to increase of fats entering small intestine

213
Q

4 basic organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urethra
urinary bladder

214
Q

remove wastes from body
regulate blood volume and bp
stimulate production of rbc
regulate concentrations of solutes in plasma
help stabilize blood pH
promote the bodys use of calcium and phosphorus

A

kidneys

215
Q

tubes connecting kidneys and bladder

A

ureters

216
Q

temporarily stores urine

A

urinary bladder

217
Q

tube that transports urine out of body

A

urethra

218
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

219
Q

as blood moves through and is filtered- substances are removed from and added to blood

A

nephrons

220
Q

usually from bacteria travelling up urethra from outside body

A

UTI

221
Q

why are utis more common in female

A

shorter urethra and is closer to anus

222
Q

why do cells need to reproduce

A

growth and development; renewal and repair

223
Q

significance of dna with regard to cell division

A

copies of dna are made and 1 copy is passed from parent cell to daughter cell

224
Q

nuclear division that results in identical body cells (somatic cells)

A

mitosis

225
Q

nuclear division that creates gametes (egg and sperm)

A

meiosis

226
Q

so daughter cell nuclei get the same number and kinds of chromosomes as mother cell nucleus

A

mitosis

227
Q

chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and spindles appear

A

prophase

228
Q

centromeres line up at center of cell

A

metaphase

229
Q

centromeres split and chromatids separate- become daughter chromosomes

A

anaphase

230
Q

chromosomes cluster at opposite poles and begin changing back to chromatin

A

telophase

231
Q

reduces the chromosome number from diploid number to haploid number

A

meosis

232
Q

with what event will these cells contain 2 complete sets of chromosomes

A

mitosis

233
Q

another name for down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

234
Q

3 chromosomes

A

trisomy

235
Q

certain segments of dna

A

genes

236
Q

different forms of a gene

A

alleles

237
Q

one that has the ability to mask the expression of another

A

dominant allele

238
Q

one whose expression is masked by the dominant allele for the same trait

A

recesive allele

239
Q

organism that has 2 identical alleles

A

homozygous

240
Q

organism that has 2 different alleles

A

heterozygous

241
Q

precise set of alleles of a person possesses for a given trait

A

genotype

242
Q

observable physical trait or traits

A

phenotype

243
Q

any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

A

autosomes

244
Q

appear normal but can have child with disorder

A

carrier

245
Q

when there are more than 2 possible for a particular trait

A

multiple alleles

246
Q

both expressed when both present

A

codominant

247
Q

when a trait is controlled by 2 or more genes and each dominant allele has an additive effect to the phenotype

A

polygenic inheritance

248
Q

why males are affected more often by x-linked disorders than females

A

get 1 X chromosome- if they get recessive gene they show disorder

249
Q

4 nitrogen bases found in dna

A

cytosine
guanine
thymine
adenine

250
Q

3 types of rna

A

messenger
transfer
ribosomal

251
Q

info from dna to mRNA; protein synthesis

A

transcription

252
Q

info from mRNA to protein; protein synthesis

A

translation

253
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

254
Q

permanent change in the sequence of bases in dna

A

gene mutation

255
Q

manipulation of genetic material for human purposes

A

genetic engineering

256
Q

contains dna from 2 or more different sources

A

recombinant dna

257
Q

cures genetic diseases

A

gene therapy

258
Q

discovered the order of base pairs in human dna and determined humans have 20-25,000 genes that code for proteins

A

human genome project

259
Q

how long did the human genome project take

A

13 years completed in 2003

260
Q

2 gonads

A

testes and ovaries

261
Q

2 gametes

A

sperm and egg

262
Q

produce gametes and sex hormones

A

gonads

263
Q

3 organs in the male duct system

A

epididymis
vas deferns
urethra

264
Q

3 accessory organs of the male

A

seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

265
Q

surrounds upper portion of urethra

A

prostate gland

266
Q

deliver sperm to female reprod system

A

penis

267
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

oviducts/fallopian tubes

268
Q

what day is ovulation

A

14

Biology 107 (7 decks)

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