Final Exam Review Questions From Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute?

A

1/4

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2
Q

the blood-filtering structure of the kidey

A

glomerulus

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3
Q

urine-forming units of the kidneys

A

nephrons

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4
Q

which structures in the kidney are associated with the vasa recta?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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5
Q

which cells make up the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

granular and macula densa cells

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6
Q

how would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration?

A

due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower

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7
Q

what type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased?

A

the afferent arterioles would constrict.

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8
Q

when are autoregulatory mechanism most effective?

A

when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180

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9
Q

extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulation what?

A

systemic blood pressure

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10
Q

what would be the effect on urine output if sodium channel in the tubule cells were inhibited?

A

the volume would increase

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11
Q

why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion?

A

aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium

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12
Q

which process in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH?

A

secretion

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13
Q

how does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine?

A

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquporins into the apical membrane

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14
Q

why do people with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have a fruity odor?

A

due to the presence of acetone

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15
Q

what features of the bladder predispose it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly

A

the walls are highly folded into rugae and epithelium is transitional

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16
Q

another term for urination

A

micturition

17
Q

2 main fluid compartments within the body

A

intracellular

extracellular

18
Q

what is the most potent stimulus for thirst?

A

an increase in plasma osmolality

19
Q

what happens to urine when the ADH levels are low?

A

urine is diluted

20
Q

what indirectly assesses blood sodium levels?

A

baroreceptors

21
Q

what is the stimulus for release of ANP?

A
  • blood pressure increse
  • increase in preload
  • the walls of the atria are stretched
22
Q

the initial H+ regulatory mechanism of the body

A

chemical buffers

23
Q

the major ECF buffer system in the body

A

bicarbonate buffer system

24
Q

how might the pH of the intracellular fluid change when cells increase their rate of metabolism?

A

the pH would decrease

25
Q

if the blood pH lowers what change would you expect from the respiratory system?

A

the respiration rate would increase

26
Q

what imbalance would severe diarrhea cause?

A

metabolic acidosis

27
Q

what metabolic effect would you expect if someone developed an autoimmune disease in which the person’s interstitial endocrine cells were destroyed?

A

testosterone production would plummet

28
Q

the final sperm carrying duct that deposits sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

urethra

29
Q

which glands are responsible for producing seminal fluid

A

seminal glands and the prostate

30
Q

how many sperm can be released with each ejaculation?

A

750 million

31
Q

which component in semen stimulates the uterus to contract in reverse peristalsis?

A

prostaglandins

32
Q

if testosterone were ineffective during the development of a males brain, what might be the outcome?

A

the brain might have female orientation and the gender identity may be ambiguous

33
Q

what does a ruptured follicle transform into?

A

corpus luteum

34
Q

part of the uterus that provides nourishment to the embryo until the placenta is formed

A

endometrium

35
Q

the major difference between spematogenesis and oogenesis?

A

oogenesis only produces one cell

36
Q

what does LH stimulate the production of by the follicular thecal cells?

A

androgens

37
Q

why is menstruation the first day of a new cycle?

A

without feedback from a fertilized zygote, the corpus luteum degenerates and pituitary hormones are no longer under ovarian negative feedback

38
Q

structures in the female that are homologous to the scrotum

A

labia majora

39
Q

how long after ovulation does implantation occur?

A

6-7 days