Vitamin A
- fat soluble
- for night vision
Vitamin D
- fat sol
- regulates calcium and phosphate.
- via UV light/milk
Vitamin E
- fat sol
- fights free radicals
Vitamin K
- fat sol
- involved in blood clotting
Vitamin C
- water sol
- antioxidant properties
- citrus fruit
Niacin
- water sol
- dec high cholesterol
- deficiency = pellagra (rough skin)
Riboflavin
- water sol
- energy and cell maintenance and repair
- no toxicity. used in migraines
thiamin (B1)
- water sol
- carb metabolism. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Pyridoxine (B6)
- water sol
- metabolism of sugar, fat, protein
- interacts with levodapa. important in athletes
Cyanocobalamin (B12) and folic acid
- water sol
- synthesis DNA and RBCs
-folic acid important in pregnant women
Sibutramine
- for obesity
- dec appetite by blocking serotonin and NE reuptake
Orlistat
-stops breakdown of fats
Hydroxycitric acid
-blocks conversion of carbs to fats
-Gugulipid
- dec LDL cholestrol
* ** never take with cholesterol lowering drugs
Chromium
-mineral that regulates blood sugar and insulin
Glucosamine
- supplement
- “arthritis cure”
- stim cartilage cells
Ephedrine
- CNS stim
- decongestant
- used for weight loss
Echinacea
- herbs
- for immune function
Ginko
- herb
- for memory, concentration, ED
St. John’s Wart
- herb
- relieves depression by dec uptake of NT and block MAO
Stacking a drug
-taking 2 or more
Pyramiding a drug
- start with a low dose,
- high dose
- low dose
Spasticity vs spasm
spasticity = exaggerated muscle stretch reflex
spasm = increased tension after injury
Baclofen
for muscle spasms
- central acting
- inhibit motor neuron activity in spinal cord
Diazepam
for muscle spasms
- central acting
- increases GABA inhibition
Dantrolene
- -spasticity
- direct acting
- side effect = generalized weakness
Halothane
- anesthetic
- widely used in kids
Isoflurane
- anesthetic
- most widely used inhalation anesthetic
Nitrous oxide
- anesthetic
- gas
- cannot produce surgical anesthesia
Short acting barbiturates (thiopental)
IV anesthetic
-induction of anesthesia
Benzodiazepines
IV anesthetic
-produce unconsciousness and amnesia
Katamine
IV anesthetic
-causes dissociate anesthesia
Local anesthetics specifically block what channels
Sodium
Anesthetics are frequently used with vasoconstrictors (epi) to do what?
- decrease blood flow
- delay systemic absorption
(prolong effects, reduce risk of toxicity)
Procaine
- local anesthetic
- Ester type
- injected
- given with epi
Lidocaine
- local anesthetic
- amide type
- topical or injected
- combine with epi
Cocaine
- local anesthetic
- ester type
- DO NOT give with epi
Ortreotide
a growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Levothyroxin sodium
- used to treat hypothyroidism
- drug of choice for replacement therapy
Drug of choice for osteoporosis
Calcitonin
Anadrol and oxandrin are what type of steroid
oral
durabolin and depo-testosterone are what type of steroid
injectable
Health consequences of steroids
reduced sperm production, more body hair, gynecomastia, etc
Stanozolol
anabolic steroid commonly abused
Flutamide
for prostate cancer
Sildenafil
-ED (viagra)
Clomiphene
- anti-estrogen
- treat infertility
Tamoxifen
anti-estrogen
-treat breast cancer
Type 1 vs type II diabetes
Type 1 = do not produce insulin
Type II = body does not respond normally to insulin
Short, intermediate, and long acting insulin
Short = regular
Intermediate = NPH and Lente
Long = Ultralente and Lantus
Intermediate and long acting insulin mimic what?
24 hour basal insulin secretion
short acting insulin mimics what?
food stim insulin
Sulfonylureas
- not for type I DM
- increase insulin release from pancreas
Biguanides
- not for type I diabetes
- reduces insulin resistance
Acarbose
-modulates digestion and absorption of starch and sugar
How does a virus work?
it needs the cell’s machinery to survive
Replication of a virus peaks before what?
-clinical symptoms
Oseltamivir
- tamiflu
- shortens illness a few days if given within 48 hours
Acyclovir
-inhibits viral DNA polymerase enzyme needed for replication
Ribavirin
-interferes with viral RNA synthesis
What do interferons do?
warn other cells of infection
Zidovudine or AZT
- HIV treatment
- inhib reverse transcriptase
- terminates the DNA chain
Didanosine or DDI
- HIV treatment
- reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Fluconazole
-inhibits fungal P450 necessary for ergosterol synthesis
Tolnaftate
“tough acting tinactin”
- inhibits ergosterol synthesis
- athletes foot
- topical
Terbinafine
- oral
- inhibits ergosterol synthesis
- nail infections
Amphotericin B
- drug of choice for systemic fungal infection
- binds to ergosterol
Ketoconazole
for infections of lungs, bone, skin, and soft tissue
-antagonistic with amphotericin B
Bacteria works by?
- using the host cell for nutrients
- it has its own basic organs
What is intrinsic resistance?
-bacterium has its own pumps that pump the drugs out when they enter
What is mutation resistance?
-random mutations make the drug resistant
What is plasmid mediated resistance?
-plasmids can be transferred to other microbes
Penicillins
inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
Cephalosporins
- drug of choice for UTI
- same mech as penicillin
Vancomycin
- used for serious infections and those allergic to penicillin
- for staph (gram + only?)
Bacitracin
- inhibit cell wall synthesis
- topically to treat infection in skin
Aminoglycosides
- inhibit protein synthesis
- tissue and wound infections
Tetracyclines
- can be pumped out if resistant
- used to be a broad spectrum. now things are resistant
- acne
Quinolones
inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synth
-inhibit twisting
Rifampin
inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synth
-binds polymerase-enzyme responsible for making RNA
Sulfonamides
inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synth
-disrupt folic acid synthesis
Ioniazid
TB treatment
Dapsone
Leprosy treatment
Metronidazole
- treat protozoans
- inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Mebendazole
- treat roundworms
- drug of choice for many intestinal roundworms
- impairs glucose
Praziquantal
- treats flukes
- increases permeability of cell membrane
Niclosamide
Drug of choice for tapeworm
-inhibit glucose uptake
Chloroquine
- selective to parasite and kills by pH mech
- malaria
Cyclophosphamide
-most widely used alkylating agent for cancer chemotherapy
Methotrexate
- folate analog
- cancer stuff
Flurouracil
- pyrimidine analog
- cancer stuff
Mercaptopurine
- purine analog
- cancer stuff
Vincristine
- cancer stuff
- alkaloids bind microtubules
Doxorubicin
- cancer stuff
- antibiotic
- prevent DNA/RNA synth
Prednisone -cancer stuff
suppresses RNA synth
Ceftriaxone
for gonorrhea