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Endocrinology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The tropic hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary that stimulates thyroxine (T4) release from the thyroid gland is:

A

TSH (Thyrotropin)

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2
Q

Which type of hormones are easily absorbed through the skin via gel, cream, or patch?

A

Steroid Hormones

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3
Q

Human growth hormone (hgh) exerts its effects on cells via:

A

IGF-1

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4
Q

A 25-year-old female presents to your office with her 4-month-old son. She reports to you that two months after delivering her son, she began noting diminished milk production. Upon further questioning, she also complains of fatigue, diminished libido, and abnormally dry skin. Physical exam is remarkable for diminished amount of pubic and axillary hair. What is your most likely diagnosis?

A

Sheehan’s Syndrome

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5
Q

A surge in which anterior pituitary hormone triggers ovulation?

A

LH

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6
Q

Severing the neural connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary would affect the secretion of which pituitary hormone?

A

Oxytocin

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7
Q

Agents that are secreted by a cell and act only on nearby or neighboring cells are known as:

A

Paracrine agents

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8
Q

A 42-year-old white man presents with a complaint of a “sugar problem.” He brings a copy of the report that was obtained on his routine insurance screening test.The report shows a fasting glucose of 136 mg/dL (normal range: 70-100 mg/dL) and a follow-up fasting glucose level of 142 mg/dL.During a review of systems the patient complains of weight gain, trouble speaking, and vision problems over the past several months.He specifically comments that his favorite hat is now too small on him.During examination of the patient’s cranial nerves, which of the following visual field cuts would be expected?

A

Bitemporal Hemianopsia

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9
Q

Which statement is not true regarding melatonin?

a. Levels are most elevated during the evening and early morning hours
b. Secreted by pinealocytes
c. Synthesized from the amino acid L-tyrosine
d. Acts on peripheral melatonin receptors to maintain body-wide circadian rhythms
e. Acts as an immunomodulator

A

C.

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10
Q

Which of the following hormones does NOT require carrier proteins to be transported in the plasma?

Pregnenolone, Vitamin D, T4, Insulin, Cortisol

A

Insulin does NOT require carrier proteins

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11
Q

Which one of the following hormones binds directly to intracellular/intranuclear receptors to exert its actions on cell function?

a. Insulin
b. Thyroxine (T4)
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
d. Epinephrine
e. Calcitonin

A

B. T4

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12
Q

Which statement is not true?

a. Pituitary microadenomas are often managed medically using dopamine antagonists
b. Pituitary adenomas can be life-threatening
c. Hypogonadism is a frequent manifestation of pituitary adenomas
d. Mass effects from pituitary adenomas may increase intracranial pressure
e. Achondroplastic dwarfism is not the result of an endocrine disorder

A

A

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13
Q

Dopamine agonists (such as cabergoline) would have what effect on prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary?

A

Decreased release of prolactin

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14
Q

What condition is most commonly found in obese females with a history of multiple pregnancies and hypertension?

A

Empty Sella Syndrome

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15
Q

ACTH stimulates the release of which hormones from the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol and DHEA-S

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16
Q

The hormone most commonly hyper-secreted in pituitary adenomas is:

A

Prolactin

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17
Q

The most common cause of dwarfism in children is:

A

Achondroplastic dwarfism

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18
Q

A 43 year old female presents with a moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple straiae, buffalo hump, fragile skin and impaired glucose tolerance. In addition, a visual exam reveals bitemporal hemianopsia. She most likely has:

A

Cushing’s disease

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19
Q

A 35-year-old female patient presents with thick jaw, prominent brow, large hands, hypertension, arthritis, menstrual disturbances, and diabetes mellitus. A 5mm pituitary adenoma is detected on an MRI of her head. This adenoma is most likely hyper-secreting which hormone?

A

Growth hormone

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20
Q

All of the following increase growth hormone secretion, except?

a. Low blood glucose
b. Estrogen
c. Cortisol
d. Strenuous exercise
e. Deep sleep

A

C

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21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released primarily in response to:

A

Increased serum osmolality

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22
Q

The two hormones released from the neurohypophysis are manufactured in the:

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

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23
Q

The etiology of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) would include all of the following, except:

a. Meningitis
b. Pneumonia
c. Pulmonary carcinoma (small-cell lung cancer)
d. Head trauma
e. Medications containing lithium

A

E

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24
Q

Which statement is true regarding euvolemic hyponatremia?

a. Often associated with congestive heart failure or renal failure
b. May result from SIADH, adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), or “beer potamania”
c. Primary treatment recommendations are to correct hyponatremia with 3% IV hypertonic saline solution
d. Associated with decreased total body water and sodium
e. May be diagnosed when serum sodium levels are < 145 mEq/L

A

B

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25
Q

In pregnancy, the hormone primarily responsible for uterine contraction at delivery, as well as milk ejection from the breast, is:

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

A 66-year-old man with a 50-pack year history of cigarette smoking comes to the clinic complaining of chronic cough, dyspnea, and blood in his sputum. He says he has been feeling lethargic and has lost 40lbs over the past 3 months with no changes in diet or exercise. While awaiting an x-ray of the chest, the patient suffers a seizure and is rushed to the emergency department of the nearest hospital. Laboratory studies show a serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L (normal range: 135-145 mEq/L). What is most likely to be elevated in this patient?

A

ADH

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27
Q

Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by the passage of:

A

Large volumes of dilute urine

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28
Q

Which statement is true regarding neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus?

a. Urine concentrates with water deprivation testing
b. Urine concentrates with synthetic ADH administration
c. Urine fails to concentrate with either water deprivation or synthetic ADH administration
d. Both 1 & 2 are true
e. None of the above

A

B

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29
Q

What condition is treated with synthetic ADH given orally or by nasal spray?

A

Central or Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

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30
Q

Central pontine myelinolysis may result from too rapid IV infusion of which electrolyte?

A

Sodium

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31
Q

A 35-year-old man presents to his physician complaining of increased urinary frequency, polyuria, and an insatiable thirst. He was recently started on a new medication by his psychiatrist. Laboratory studies show that the patient is hypernatremic and has decreased urinary osmolarity. Which drug is most likely contributing to this patient’s current condition?

A

Lithium

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32
Q

Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by a defect or damage to:

A

The hypothalamus causing malfunction of the thirst mechanism

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33
Q

The hypothalamic neurons that regulate endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary:

a. Synapse directly onto their target cells
b. Release peptide hormones into the hypophyseal portal blood system
c. Terminate in the Herring bodies in the pituitary gland
d. Originate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus
e. Release either oxytocin or vasopressin (ADH)

A

B

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34
Q

In a 35-year-old female with SIADH, laboratory findings would typically include all of the following, except:

a. Serum sodium < 135 mEq/L (normal range: 135-145 mEq/L)
b. BUN < 10 mg/dL (normal range: 7-20 mg/dL)
c. Serum potassium > 5.0 mEq/L (normal range 3.5-5.0 mEq/L)
d. Uric acid < 4 mg/dL (normal range: 2.4-6.0 mg/dL)
e. Reduced anion gap

A

C serum potassium levels are usually not affected in SIADH; this, with hyponatremia, might suggest true adrenal fatigue (Addison disease)

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35
Q

T/F: Oxytocin is secreted exclusively by the poster pituitary gland

A

False: It’s also secreted by several other tissues, such as the adrenal medulla, thymus, and pancreas. It’s physiological role in these tissues is still being researched.

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36
Q

The most metabolically active thyroid hormone is:

A

Triiodothyronine

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37
Q

The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the USA is:

A

Autoimmune thyroiditis

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38
Q

Inhibitors of thyroid hormone secretion, function, and metabolism include all of the following except:

a. Estrogen
b. Growth hormone
c. Dopamine
d. Cortisol
e. Somatostatin

A

B
thyroid hormone exerts a permissive effect upon the anabolic and metabolic effects of GH, and increases pituitary synthesis of GH. GH increases peripheral conversion of T4 –> T3.

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39
Q

Tremors, nervousness, and increased heart rate can be symptoms of all of the following except:

a. Increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system
b. Excessive secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
c. Myxedema coma
d. Postpartum thyroiditis
e. Thyroid storm

A

C.

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40
Q

Which statement is not true regarding thyroid parafollicular cells?

a. Secrete a peptide hormone involved in inhibiting bone resorption
b. Are the cell type found proliferating in medullary thyroid cancers
c. Contain Na/I symporters
d. Found in the spaces between thyroid follicles
e. None of the above

A

C. -these are found only on thyroid follicular cells; these cells concentrate iodine

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41
Q

A 44-year-old female with a history of pernicious anemia presents to your office complaining of anxiety and occasional palpitations. She has unexplained weight loss of 10lbs and multiple daily bowel movements. She has not had a menstrual period in four months. She has a thyroid bruit and a 4x3 cm oval, non-tender soft-tissue mass lateral to the thyroid cartilage. What is the most likely etiology of the patient’s disease?

A

Thyroid adenoma

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42
Q

T/F: In Grave’s disease, TSH levels are elevated, free T3 & free T4 levels are increased, and TPOAb’s are elevated

A

False

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43
Q

T/F: Thyroglossal duct cysts are nearly always malignant

A

False

44
Q

According to the WHO, the daily required intake of iodine for adult men & non-pregnant women is

A

150 mcg

and the typically upper limit is set at 300 mcg/day. Pregnant and lactating women generally need between 250-300 mcg/day to ensure proper thyroid hormone synthesis

45
Q

What are the typical symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain, Constipation, Cold intolerance, Hair loss, Bradycardia

46
Q

Graves disease is associated primarily with elevated plasma levels of:

A

Anti- TSH antibodies

47
Q

What are some symptoms typically associated with cretinism?

A

Delayed mental development
Short stature
Delayed puberty
Myxedema

(NOT atrial fibrillation)

48
Q

A 25-year-old woman who was recently diagnosed with hypothyroidism comes to the clinic for a follow-up examination. In addition to levothyroxine, she has been taking a number of daily supplements to help accelerate her recovery. Although she initially reported an improvement in her symptoms, the patient now complains of constipation, brittle hair, and fatigue. What supplement best accounts for the decline in the patient’s clinical course?

A

Iodine

via the “Wolff-Chaikoff effect”, excess iodine will suppress thyroid hormone secretion, thereby inducing hypothyroidism. Patients with healthy thyroid glands usually recover from this effect in a 5-10 days, but for patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, the effect may continue with continued iodine ingestion.

49
Q

A 34-year-old non-pregnant female presents to the clinic with a TSH of 0.3 mIU/L, a free T4 of 0.6 ng/L (normal range: 0.8-1.8 ng/L), and a free T3 of 2.5 (normal range: 2.3-4.2 pg/ml). Her TgAb and TPOAb levels are within normal limits. Without knowing her clinical history, these lab values would suggest she has:

A

Central hypothyroidsim

50
Q

Which statement is most true regarding malignant thyroid nodules?

a. Tend to be most common in older women with multi-nodular goiter
b. Tend to be more likely to occur in young adult males than in older males
c. Are more likely to be “hot” nodules vs. “cold” nodules as detected by RAIU testing
d. Are typically cystic vs. solid

A

B

51
Q

Which statement is true regarding thyroid carcinoma?

a. Medullary carcinoma accounts for the majority of thyroid cancers
b. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid has a 5-year survival rate > 80% following biomedical treatment
c. Papillary thyroid cancer tends to metastasize via lymph nodes instead of through the blood
d. All thyroid masses < 1 cm should be referred for fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)
e. None of the above

A

C

52
Q

All of the following would be indicated therapies for patients with thyrotoxicosis in Graves disease, except:

a. Liothyronine
b. Methimazole
c. I-131 therapy
d. Propranolol
e. None of the above

A

A

53
Q

If this condition is present in a patient with hypothyroidism, appropriate treatment for this condition must be instituted before any thyroid hormone replacement is given, in order to prevent potentially lethal circulatory collapse

A

Addisons disease (adrenal insufficiency)

Adrenal insufficiency will often cause TSH to be elevated, thereby mimicking hypothyroidism.

54
Q

A 45-year-old woman presents to her doctor with feelings of fatigue, increased appetite, increased sweating, and palpitations. Her doctor also notes that her eyes appear unusual: her lids appear retracted and it appears the eyeball is protruding further than is normal. She receives pharmacologic treatment for her condition, but soon develops a fever and multiple infections in her throat and gastrointestinal tract. Her doctor quickly discontinues the medication. What medication was she most likely prescribed?

A

Propylthiouracil

She has Graves disease and was prescribed PTU, which is associated with agranulocytosis in a small number of patients (<0.5%).

55
Q

The follicular hyperkeratosis often seen in patients with untreated hypothyroidism is directly related to decreased serum levels of ….

A

Vitamin A

this is often related to poor conversion of beta-carotene into vitamin A due to low thyroid levels

56
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH):

a. Increases insulin levels
b. Increases osteoblast activity
c. Increases growth hormone & IGF-1
d. Increases osteoclast activity
e. Decreases blood glucose levels

A

D

57
Q

Aside from adjusting calcium levels, what other ions does the parathyroid control?

A

Phosphate and Magnesium

58
Q

Hypocalcemia (in non-pregnant adult females & men) occurs when serum calcium falls below:

A

8.5 mg/dL

59
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

A

4

60
Q

T/F: The parathyroid glands are found between the thyroid follicles, embedded within the thyroid gland:

A

False

61
Q

The two types of cells found in the parathyroid gland are the:

A

Chief and oxyphil cells

62
Q

Hypocalcemia is typically associated with all of the following except:

a. Shorted QT-interval on ECG
b. Tetany
c. Seizures
d. Muscle cramps
e. Anxiety

A

A

63
Q

What hormone is a natural antagonist to parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcitonin

64
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Surgical trauma/damage

65
Q

A patient with an elevated serum ionized calcium and a high PTH is most likely to have what condition?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

66
Q

The history and physical examination of patients presenting with hypercalcemia is most likely to reveal which of the following signs or symptoms?

a. Severe fatigue/Chvostek’s sign positive
b. Severe fatigue/Trousseau’s sign positive
c. Bradycardia
d. Choice A & B
e. Asymptomatic/no pathological signs

A

C

67
Q

A 42-year-old female presents to clinic with symptom of numbness & tingling around her lips & in her extremities. She also complains of frequent muscle spasms, frequent episodes of irritability, hypotension, and chronic itching over most of her body. Six months ago, she underwent thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma & has been taking levothyroxine 200mcg/day. Her current TSH & fT4 levels are within normal limits. You run a CMP, and her serum calcium is 8.0 mg/dL. What condition most likely explains these findings?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

68
Q

A mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to the pediatrician because she has noticed that her daughter’s ribs appear knobby on either side of her midline, and her legs are slightly bowed. The mother says that she and her daughter live in an inner-city apartment and rarely go outside. She also notes that she is still breastfeeding her daughter.

What changes might you expect on labwork for Calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone?

A

Decreased Calcium
Decreased Phosphate
Increased PTH

The daughter has rickets. The knobbiness of her ribs suggests the “rachitic rosary” often seen with rickets. Rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency (as evidenced by her risk factors). One would see both a lowered calcium and phosphate, as vitamin D plays a key role in regulating their uptake from the gut & kidneys. The decrease in calcium would result in an increase in PTH levels.

69
Q

Following vigorous hydration of a patient with hypercalcemia, what drug would serve to increase loss of calcium in the urine?

A

A loop diuretic, such as furosemide (Lasix)

70
Q

Which sign/symptom would not be likely found in a patient with a PTHrP-secreting tumor?

a. Shorted QT interval on ECG
b. Nephrocalcinosis
c. Ataxia
d. Band keratopathy
e. Hyperactive tendon reflexes

A

E

71
Q

What are typical signs/Sx of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A 
Delayed wound healing
Bone loss
Hyperglycemia
Suppressed immune function
Weight gain (***)
72
Q

A patient undergoing a cortisol suppression test shows no change in her cortisol levels when administered 1mg of dexamethasone, but her cortisol level does drop when administered 8mg of dexamethasone.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor

73
Q

The cosynthropin test is used to diagnose:

A

Adrenal Insufficiency

74
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from which part of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona glomerulosa in the cortex

75
Q

What lab profile is consistent with a diagnosis of Conn’s syndrome?

(OR what changes might you expect in aldosterone, potassium, plasma renin?)

A

High serum aldosterone
Low serum potassium
Decreased plasma renin

76
Q

Cushing’s disease is caused by:

A

Pituitary adenoma

77
Q

A 34-year old woman gives birth to a child with ambiguous genitalia. The child is hypotensive. A geneticist tells the mother that her child is genotypically female, although the child seems to have partially virilized external genitalia.

What enzyme is most likely deficient in this infant?

A

21-alpha-hydroxylase

he child has the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), causing hypotension with increased androgens.

78
Q

The enzyme, inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid in licorice, which converts active cortisol to inactive cortisone, is:

A

11-beta- HSD2

79
Q

What is the rate-limiting step in cortisol synthesis?

A

Conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone

80
Q

A 26-year-old man presents to the clinic complaining of intermittent muscle cramping for the past 3 months, with no other significant symptoms. On physical examination, his blood pressure is found to be 190/105 mmHg. His labs reveal his sodium to be 155 mEq/L (normal: 135-147 mEq/L), potassium level to be 3.2 mEq/L (normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L), and bicarbonate level at 33 mEq/L (normal: 22-28 mEq/L). Otherwise, his complete metabolic panel (CMP) and complete blood count (CBC) are normal.

What is the most likely cause of this patient’s findings?

A

Conn syndrome

the fact that his CMP is within normal limits indicates his glucose is within normal limits. Glucose would be elevated with Cushing’s syndrome, but not with Conn’s syndrome.

81
Q

The most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency is:

A

Autoimmune disease

82
Q

A 40-year-old man with AIDS presents to the emergency department with acute-onset nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. He is febrile and hypotensive. He was started recently on a new drug for a systemic fungal infection. Laboratory tests reveal mild hyperkalemia and hyponatremia.

What agent is most likely to have caused this patient’s condition?

A

Ketoconazole

he has adrenal insufficiency. Ketoconazole inhibits production of adrenal steroids, and if given in excessive doses, may cause acute adrenal insufficiency.

83
Q

A 54-year-old woman presents to the physician with diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and hypertension. She has noted a recent weight gain and abdominal striae. Labs reveal a decreased ACTH level. A single mass is noted adjacent to the right kidney on abdominal CT scan. Neither low- nor high-dose dexamethasone suppresses the patient’s cortisol production.

What is most likely diagnosis?

A

Adrenal adenoma

84
Q

Which statement is not true regarding DHEA?

a. Is released from the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH
b. Is the most abundant androgen found in females
c. Is converted by aromatase directly into estradiol
d. Levels are often increased in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
e. Primarily found as DHEA-sulphate in the plasma

A

C

DHEA must first be converted to androstenedione, and then androstenedione is converted by aromatase into estrone. Estrone (E1) may be converted to estradiol.

85
Q

A 27-year-old caucasian female comes to the physician because of a six-month history of progressive weakness, fatigue, and occasional mild abdominal pain. She also has noticed that her skin has become more tan, especially at the elbows, knees, knuckles, despite the fact that she is not normally in the sun. Labs reveal mild hyponatremia; decreased bicarbonate, chloride, and glucose; and hyperkalemia.

What is most likely diagnosis?

A

Addison’s Disease

86
Q

Which of the following changes is least likely to occur as a result of exogenous testosterone administration at dosages used for anabolic effect (i.e. “abusing steroids”)?

a. Acne
b. Increased muscle mass
c. Increased bone mass
d. Anemia
e. None of the above

A

D

87
Q

A low serum testosterone with a low FSH and a low LH with an elevated GnRH is consistent with:

A

Secondary Hypogonadism (there is pituitary dysfunction)

88
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs within the:

A

Seminiferous tubules

89
Q

What is the most common genetic cause of secondary hypogonadism (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism) in males?

A

Kallmann syndrome

90
Q

Which statement is true regarding Sertoli cells?

a. Found in the ovarian stroma
b. Are lacking the enzyme aromatase
c. Respond primarily to FSH
d. Found in the interstitial space between the seminiferous tubules
e. Secrete primarily androgens (mostly androstenedione)

A

C

91
Q

What route of administration of testosterone carries the greatest risk of possible liver damage?

A

oral

92
Q

Which statement is not true regarding aromatase?

a. Responsible for converting estrogens into androgens
b. Widely present in adipose tissue in both men & women
c. Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex), may be used in the therapy of estrogen(+) breast cancers
d. Levels elevate with age in men
e. Is an intracellular cytochrome p450 (CYP450) enzyme

A

A

93
Q

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride & dutasteride, are useful in the treatment of:

A

BPH, Androgenic alopecia, Prostate cancer

NOT used for erectile dysfunction

94
Q

What is the MOA of Lupron?

A

Interrupts the pulsatile rhythm of GnRH, leading to decreased FSH & LH

95
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome is associated with all of the following except:

a. Azoospermia
b. Gynecomastia
c. Accessory X chromosome (47 XXY)
d. Reduced testicular volume
e. GnRH insensitivity

A

E

96
Q

Which statement is not true regarding aromatase?

a. Widely present in adipose tissue in both men & women
b. Responsible for conversion of estrogens into androgens
c. Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex), may be used in the therapy of estrogen-positive breast cancers in post-menopausal women
d. Is an intracellular cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme
e. Levels elevate with age in men

A

B

97
Q

All of the following are true regarding progesterone except:

a. Decreases core temperature during ovulation
b. Elevated in the plasma during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
c. Inhibits lactation during pregnancy
d. Is considered a neurosteroid
e. Has many important roles in fetal development

A

A

98
Q

Which statement is not true regarding estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta or ER2)?

a. Natural ligands include flax lignans & isoflavones (such as in soy)
b. Found in central nervous system, bone, heart, endothelial, and prostate tissues
c. Is the estrogen receptor usually expressed in 70% of breast cancer tumors (estrogen-positive breast cancers)
d. Estriol preferentially binds to ER2 as opposed to ER1
e. None of the above

A

C

ER-alpha is typically more common ER+ breast cancers

99
Q

Estrogen is associated with what physiologic effects?

A

Increased sodium & water retention

Decreased LDL & increased HDL cholesterol levels

Breast & reproductive tract development

Decreased bone resorption & increased bone formation

(NOT increased muscle mass- this is an androgen effect)

100
Q

All of the following typically decrease sex hormone binding (SHBG) levels except:

a. Glucocorticoids
b. Hyperandrogenism
c. High estrogen states
d. Hyperinsulinemia
e. Obesity

A

C

101
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is typically associated with all of the following except:

a. Insulin resistance
b. Amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea
c. Elevated androgens
d. Hypotension
e. Infertility

A

D

102
Q

Which one of the following is not part of the 2003 Rotterdam criteria for diagnosing PCOS?

a. Presence of oligo-ovulation or anovulation
b. Metabolic syndrome
c. Polycystic ovaries (observed using transvaginal ultrasound)
d. Clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism
e. None of the above

A

B

103
Q

Which is not a cause of secondary amenorrhea?

a. Asherman syndrome
b. Mullerian agenesis
c. Functional hypothalamic/pituitary dysregulation of gonadotropins
d. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
e. Hyperprolactinemia

A

B

this would cause primary amenorrhea

104
Q

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) using oral conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin) + a progestin (such as Provera) in post-menopausal women would tend to have what benefits?

A

Reduced LDL & total cholesterol levels

Reduced hot flashes & vaginal dryness

Reduced risk of hip fracture & osteoporosis

Reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer

(BUT it will increase risk of thrombosis!)

105
Q

Menstruation occurring in intervals greater than 35 days, with only 4-9 periods in a year, is known as:

A

Oligomenorrhea

Endocrinology (1 decks)

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