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International Relations > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hegemonic Stability Theory?

A

Expects that a stable world order requires sustained global leadership by a single great power

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2
Q

What is Deterrence?

A

Preventive strategies designed to dissuade an adversary from doing what it would otherwise do

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3
Q

What is Preemptive Warfare?

A

A quick first strike attack in the hopes to defeat your enemy before they can organize an initial attack or retaliatory response

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4
Q

What ks Preventive Warfare?

A

War undertaken by choice against enemy to prevent them from suspected intentions to attack in the near future, if and when the enemy acquires military capabilities

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5
Q

What is Coercive Diplomacy?

A

Use of threats or limited armed force to persuade an adversary to alter its foreign or domestic policies.

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6
Q

What is Compellence?

A

Method of Coercive Diplomacy involving an act of war or threat to force an adversary to make concessions against its will

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7
Q

What are the two ways Realist perceive Alliances?

A
  1. Temporary, opportunistic agreements when two or more parties face a common threat
  2. Used only when the advantages outweigh the disadvantages
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8
Q

What are the two ways Liberalists perceive Alliances?

A
  1. Pursue alliances to maximize long term mutual or collective interests
  2. States forms alliances even if there is no immediate threat or immediate advantage
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9
Q

To Realists what are the five fundamental flaws of Alliances?

A
  1. Enable aggressive states to combine forces for war
  2. Threaten adversaries and provoke creation of counter alliances: the “security dilemma”
  3. May draw otherwise neutral parties into play
  4. States must control behavior of allies (consider Axis powers of World War II)
  5. Today’s ally could be tomorrow’s enemy
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10
Q

What is Arm’s Control?

A

multi or bilateral agreements to contain arms races by limits on a # or type of weapon.

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11
Q

What is Disarmament?

A

ambitious, calling for reducing or destroying categories of weapons.

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12
Q

What is the Prisoners Dilemma?

A

When two actors interact under certain conditions and have the option of cooperating or not.

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13
Q

What is the Realists view on the Prisoner’s dilemma?

A

the international system is anarchic, forcing states to rely on self-help for protection. Because states exist in a SECURITY dilemma, they, like the prisoners, cannot trust one another enough to cooperate.

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14
Q

What is the Liberalists view on the Prisoner’s Dilemma?

A

that repeated interactions, changes in technology, and institutions can change the incentives that prisoners face and allow them to cooperate. If the prisoners are able to build a relationship in jail, for example, they might be willing to trust one another.

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15
Q

What are the five main elements of Collective Security?

A
  1. Requires collective decisions for common purposes to prevent or contain aggression
  2. All threats must be common concern
  3. Every state should join the organization created for collective security
  4. States pledge to settle disputes peacefully
  5. If a breach occurs, the organization should act promptly in a unified manner to counter the aggressor
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16
Q

How do Realists see Collective security through Int’l Organizations?

A

See them as a limit on sovereign independence, foreign policy autonomy, and flexibility of unilateral action.

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17
Q

What are the three ways Liberalists see Collective Security?

A
  1. Recommend creating international organizations as a political path to peace.
  2. Seen as key to conflict management or conflict resolution
  3. Negotiation, mediation or intervention
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18
Q

What is Peacekeeping?

A

Efforts by Third parties like UN to intervene in Civil and Interstate wars or to prevent hostilities from escalating so that a negotiated settlement of the dispute can be reached.

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19
Q

What is Peacemaking?

A

diplomacy, negotiation mediation for peaceful conflict resolution

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20
Q

What is Peacebuilding?

A

post-conflict actions to rebuild governments and institutions

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21
Q

What are Currency Exchange Rates?

A

the rate at which one state’s currency is exchanged for another - in order to trade

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22
Q

Is it better or worse for states to have a favorable exchange rate?

A

Better, States seek to ensure a favorable rate for their currency

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23
Q

What is GDP?

A

Total value of all goods and services produced in a country within a year.

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24
Q

What does Monetary Policy deal with?

A

Money supply and the levels of interest rates.

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25
Q

What does Monetary policy involve?

A

Involves manipulations by governments’ central banks to manage currencies and regulate their economies

26
Q

What are the two ways central banks manage currencies and regulate their economies?

A
  1. Control or prevent inflation

2. Promote economic growth and trade to maintain favorable balance of payments which limits national debts

27
Q

What are the methods used by states to help monetary policy?

A
  1. Changing the money supply to regulate econ activity and control inflation
  2. Manipulate interest rates- lower interest rates encourage investment and expansion
28
Q

What is the related dilemma when countries talk about monetary policy?

A

Whether countries should maintain a strong or weak currency.

29
Q

In relation to monetary policy, what are Strong Currencies?

A

increase the spending power of consumers, but exporting industries suffer and a balance-of-trade deficit is more likely

30
Q

In relation to monetary policies, what are Weak Currencies?

A

although limiting the spending power of domestic consumers, makes exporting industries more competitive.

31
Q

When and where was Brenton Woods put in place, how many people were involved, and what was the goal?

A
  1. july 1944 in Brenton woods new hampshire
  2. Forty four allied nations
  3. Goal was commercial liberalism aka free trade, open markets, and few barriers to capital flow
32
Q

Relating to Brenton woods what state was in the hegemonic economic position?

A

The US

33
Q

What four elements were put into place as a result of Brenton Woods?

A
  1. Fixed exchange rates
  2. International Monetary fund
  3. World Bank
  4. Dollar Convertability
34
Q

What are Fixed Exchange Rates?

A

Government sets value of it’s currency in relation to other countries. and currency does not fluctuate in global money market

35
Q

What does the International Monetary Fund do?

A

Uses Financial Procedures to calculate value of currency and credits when capital is transferred across boarders through trade, investment, foreign aid, etc.

36
Q

What are Balance pf Payments?

A

is the method countries use to monitor all international monetary transactions at a specific period of time

37
Q

What does the World Bank do?

A

Provide capital through loans for longer term economic development

38
Q

In relation to Dollar Convertibility what is an ounce of gold converted to in US dollars?

A

35 dollars.

39
Q

What is Geo economics?

A

A states geography, economic conditions, and behavior determine levels of trade, production and consumption of goods and services.

40
Q

What is Reciprocity?

A

Mutual lowering of trade barriers.

41
Q

What is Absolute Advantage?

A

Liberal economic concept in which,a state should specialize only in producing that which it can at the absolute lowest cost compared to potential trade partners

42
Q

What are the two main elements relating to Comparative Advantage?

A
  1. Focus on goods that can produced comparatively cheaply, with low opportunity cost
  2. All parties can benefit - absolute gains of trade more important than relative gains
43
Q

What is Protectionism?

A

policy that put a barrier to foreign trade such as tariffs and quotas that protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

44
Q

How do Tariffs help Protectionist?

A

Put taxes on imported goods to help domestic industries.

45
Q

How do Imported and Exported Quotas help Protectionists?

A

Import- Limit a quantity of product that can be imported

Export- Barriers to free trade(restrict flow of products) agreed to by two trading states to protect domestic products

46
Q

What are Orderly Market Agreements?

A

Voluntary export restrictions through gov to gov agreements to follow specific trade rules

47
Q

In relation to Migration Patterns, how many people migrate each year, how many migrants are there estimated to be, where do they all come from?

A
  1. 2o million people migrate each year’
  2. Estimated 200 million migrants both legal and legal
  3. Most people flee from africa, middle east, and europe.
48
Q

What happens as a result of Migration Patterns?

A

Erosion of cultural identity, and state citizenship. and xenophobia

49
Q

What is Xenophobia?

A

Dislike for a foreign or ethnic person.

50
Q

What are 5 reasons people migrate?

A
  1. Remittance- send money home
  2. Refugees
  3. Genocide/Ethnic Cleansing
  4. Atrocities- Brutally savage acts against a targeted group of people
51
Q

What are Refugees?

A

People who flee to safety because of fear of political persecution, envi degradation, or famine

52
Q

What is Urbanization?

A

Increasing concentration of pop. in megacities

53
Q

What are four negative effects of Urbanization?

A
  1. Increased income inequality and crime
  2. Strained supplies of clean water, shelter
  3. Sanitation and environmental problems
  4. Health and communicable diseases`
54
Q

What is Population Implosion?

A

A severe reduction in the worlds population caused by diseases. Tuberculosis, AIds

55
Q

What are Human Rights?

A

Political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable for all people

56
Q

What are Human Needs?

A

Basic physical, social, and political requirements needed for survival and security. Some people live on a dollar a day

57
Q

What is The Human Development Index?

A

an index that uses life expectancy, literacy, income and years of education to measure human development

58
Q

What is Humanitarian Intervention?

A

The use of peacekeeping forces by States or IGOs to protect endangered peoples or populations from gross violations of human rights

59
Q

What are three byproducts of Humanitarian Intervention?

A
  1. territorial sovereignty
  2. interference the domestic affairs of another state
  3. moral responsibility to help
60
Q

What is Environmental Security?

A

environmental threats are as dangerous as the threat of armed conflicts.

61
Q

What is an Epistemic Community?

A

Scientific experts on a subject like global warming organize into ngo’s to lobby for global transformations.

62
Q

What are the three aspects of the Politics of Scarcity?

A
  1. Resource scarcity (food, oil) undermines security
  2. Future conflict will be caused by resource scarcities
  3. Insufficient/polluted resources will degrade living conditions world wide if not addressed.

International Relations (9 decks)

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