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New Testament > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

“New Perspective”

A

Paul is trying to preserve Jewish and Gentile unity, not attack boundary markers (i.e. circumcision, dietary laws, special days).

The idea that Jews did not actually follow the law out of legalism but out of an understanding of grace. Paul, then, emphasizes grace for Gentiles bc they did not have a Jewish law to follow and may view it as an obstacle to conversion.

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2
Q

Covenantal Nominism

A

The Jews did not rely on religious practices to be saved; they were already God’s people. There were still some legalistic Jews though.

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3
Q

What is an Apostle and what is the criteria?

A

An apostle is a “chosen messenger” and Acts 1:21-22 says an apostle must have been present from the beginning of Jesus’ ministry to his ascension.

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4
Q

Who were the NT apostles?

A

The 12 disciples, Paul, Matthais, and James the brother of Jesus

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5
Q

How is Paul considered an apostle?

A

Paul considers his Damascus experience to qualify him as seeing Jesus. Paul also recognizes that his call was different than that of the other apostles because he wasn’t around during Jesus’ ministry.

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6
Q

Genre of Epistles

A

Letters. NT authors followed pattern of preestablished genre.

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7
Q

2 changes to Epistles

A
  1. Greeting shifted from wishes for health to wishes for grace and peace.
  2. farewell shifted from goodbye to a benediction
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8
Q

Occassional/Situational Nature of Epistles

A

NT letters weren’t written just because. They addressed particular issues of particular churches. The content is not always meant for every audience.

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9
Q

Application of Epistles

A

It is hard to reconstruct what is being addressed in the letters. It’s kind of like hearing one side of a phone conversation. Application not always meant for everyone.

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10
Q

Standard Groupings of Epistles

A

Paul 1. prison epistles, 2. pastoral epistles,3. missionary journeys

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11
Q

Prison Epistle

A

Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon

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12
Q

Pastoral Epistles

A

1 & 2 Timothy and Titus. Written to pastors towards the end of Paul’s life. 1 Timothy and Titus written from Roman prison and 2 Timothy when Paul knows he’s about to die.

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13
Q

Missionary Journey Epistles

A

1st Journey: Galatians
2nd Journey: 1 & 2 Thessalonians
3rd Journey: 1 & 2 Corinthians and Romans
These epistles were written before the prison and pastoral epistles

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14
Q

Genre of Epistles

A

Epistles are letters. Paul followed the structure of ancient-day letter with the exception of 2 changes:

  1. he changed the greeting from pertaining to health to grace.
  2. the farewell was a benediction instead of just “bye.”
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15
Q

Occasional nature

A

Epistles were only written from time to time because they addressed specific issues in the churches. It is critical that the reader consider this context when reading. Epistles are like hearing one side of a telephone conversation.

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16
Q

Standard Groupings

A
  1. Prison Epistles
  2. Pastoral Epistles
  3. Missionary Journey Epistles (written before the first two)
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17
Q

Chronological Order of Pauline Epistles

A 
Galatians
Thessalonians
Corinthians
Romans
Ephesians and Colossians
Philippians and Philemon
1 Timothy
Titus
2 Timothy
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18
Q

Challenges to Pauline authorship

A

There is varied vocabulary, style, grammar, and general tone in Paul’s letters. Ephesians and Colossians are particularly questioned because they divert from his usual style. Differing audiences could call for change in vocab, style, etc. Additionally, writers often used an amanuensis.

Scholars also question Ephesians because Paul spent 2 years there and does not have extensive greetings and seems to be unfamiliar with the church. Ephesians was an encyclical letter that was addressed to numerous churches in Asia Minor and could have been titled later on.

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19
Q

Challenges to Pauline authorship (Pastoral Epistles)

A
  1. (External) One of the earliest manuscripts of Paul’s letter does not contain the pastorals, but it also breaks off in the middle of 2 Thess.
    Marcion did not include these letters, but Tertullian suggests he knew about them and just rejected them. However, apostolic fathers used these letters.
  2. (Internal) These letters have a different style and vocab from other letters. This could be because he used an amanuensis, and some have suggested Luke.
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20
Q

Major Theme-Romans

A

The Gospel of the righteousness of God (Romans 1:16-17; Habakkuk 2:4)
Secondary themes include Gentile hope and Jewish advantages (a dialogue with Judaism).

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21
Q

Flow of Paul’s Argument-Romans

A

Paul begins with a theological explanation of the Gospel and then provides practical implications.

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22
Q

Key Texts and Teachings-Romans

A 
God's wrath and the unrighteousness of man (1-3)
Justification by Faith (4)
Benefits of Justification (5)
Sanctification (6) (submitting to God>sin- ch 7)
Life in the Spirit (8)
Election and grafting Gentiles in (9-11)
Transform, not conform (12-16)
-Transformed
-Spiritual gifts
-submission
-weaker/stronger consciences
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23
Q

City of Rome

A
  • Technologically advances (aqueducts, sewer systems, public latrines and baths, internal plumbing)
  • Culturally advances (libraries, theatres, race courses)
  • Capital of Mediterranean world
  • religion was central to political and social life
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24
Q

Setting of Romans

A

Written from Corinth at end of 3rd missionary journey

Getting ready to give offering to church in Jerusalem; not sure how it will be received

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25
Q

Roman Church

A

Gentile Church in Jewish community
Rome became increasingly Gentile when Claudius expelled Jews and Jewish-Christians in AD 49.
Paul recognizes Jewish background of the churches

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26
Q

Purpose of Romans

A

Paul doesn’t know this church but wants to establish new “anchor church” to help him expand his mission. There may also have been errors in what the Romans believed, and Paul’s credibility/teachings had been attacked. Caters to pastoral needs by addressing the role of both Jews and Gentiles in salvation.

27
Q

Chapter 16

A

Scholars debate whether this was original to Paul’s letter, but no Greek manuscripts exclude it.

28
Q

Attacks on Paul-Romans

A

Antinomianism- sinning so that God;s grace may forgive that much more.

29
Q

What is a theological system?

A

A grid through which one filters the Bible to make sense of it/develop theology.

30
Q

Why is knowledge of theological systems important?

A
  1. Help show how we have been influenced by them
  2. highlight key issues
  3. ease of communication from different understandings
31
Q

Covenant Theology

A

Came out of the Reformation, mostly presb. and reformed denominations.
-key word: continuity (between old and new covenant)
-Non-literal approach to prophecy and apocalyptic literature
-“covenant” idea is overlaying theme of the whole Bible -Redemption covenant was before creation;
Covenant of works originated with creation and adam and was based on works (adam=humanity);
Covenant of grace refers to all post-garden covenants because they are an expression of grace.
-Keep moral law, ditched ceremonial and civil mosaic law
-People of God are the church (Adam and Eve were original church)

32
Q

Dispensationalism

A

Popular in American south; originated with John Nelson Schoby, popularized by Scofield Bible.

  • key word: discontinuity between old and new covenant
  • Old covenant for Israel; new covenant for Israel and church
  • Literal fulfillment of Abrahamic promises to national Israel is important
  • People of God are Israel and the Church
  • OT more important than NT bc of promises to Israel. NT applies to Church, not Israel
33
Q

New Covenant Theology (Progressive Covenantalism)

A
  • non-literal approach to prophecy and apocalyptic literature
  • Continuity between OT Covenants (Abraham, David, etc.) Discontinuity between OT and NT covenants (covenants are distinct from each other).
  • People of God are Israel in OT and the Church in NT (God’s future work in Israel is not separate from the Church)
  • Continuity in people of God (contra Dispensationalism) and discontinuity in law/covenants (conta covenant theology)
34
Q

Hebrews Audience

A

Church being heavily persecuted;
Persecution likely from rejecting secular/pagan culture.
Traditionally thought to be Jews in Jerusalem or Italy but scholars have recently considered a Greek audience.

35
Q

Major Themes-Hebrews

A
  1. The Superiority of Jesus (Eternal High Priest)
  2. The Necessity of Drawing Near to God with Persevering Faith (based on the work of Christ; out of motivation of fear or rest)
36
Q

Key Texts-Hebrews

A

1:1-4 Christological Passage
10:19-25 (or 39) Drawing near to God
Jesus as Eternal High Priest
-Order: Melchizedek (7)
-Appointment: God’s Oath (5, 7:20-21)
-Length: Eternal (7:23-24)
-Sacrifice: Himself, once for all (7:26-27)
-Intercession: Continual (7:25)
-Covenant: New Covenant (7:11-12)

37
Q

Hebrews Technique

A

Persuasion through Rhetoric

  • alliteration, homoeoptaton, and parallelism
  • shows that the cost of discipleship is not too high
  • appeals to logic, emotion, and integrity
38
Q

Hebrews Author

A
  • Most early church fathers accepted Paul, but Hebrews is anonymous and somehow related to Paul.
  • Uses elegant Greek vocabulary and heard gospel from the first disciples
  • Scholars have suggested Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Luke, Silas, and Apollos.
39
Q

Hebrews Date

A
  • Hard to date without author
  • proposed date before AD 70 based on talk of temple and OT system (but some people also did this after AD 70)
  • Generally dated in late 60s bc letter indicates Nero has not died yet.
40
Q

2 Word Summary of Revelation

A

God wins

41
Q

4 Approaches to Revelation

A
  1. Futurist
  2. Preterist
  3. Idealist
  4. Eclectic
42
Q

Futurist

A

Ch 1-3 refer to historical churches
Ch 4-22 are future events with ch 4 beginning the vision
Classical disp: Church raptured, Israel faces trib
Progressive disp: some of Rev. fulfilled in 1stC, other parts (6-18) are future and not literal or chronological.
covenant premill: related to prog. disp. but there is continuity in God’s people. Prophecy can have historical and future fulfillment

43
Q

Preterist

A

The vision is in the future for John but in the past for modern believers.
Symbols related to fall of Rome in 476
Adhere to new heaven/earth; Jesus is still coming back in the future

44
Q

Idealist

A

Revelation refers to timeless, ongoing struggle between God and Satan, but God wins in the end. Events happen throughout history and can’t be pin pointed.
Adhere to new heaven/earth

45
Q

Eclectic

A

Holds combination of views and is interested in matching hermeneutical approach to genre.
Popular before and through reformation
Preterist for 1-3; futurist for 4-22

46
Q

Millennial Views

A
  1. Post-Tribulation Premillennialism
  2. Pre-Tribulation (Dispensational) Premillennialism
  3. Postmillennialism
  4. Amillennialism
47
Q

Amillennialism

A
  • Often held by new covenant theologists
  • No literal millennium
  • Rev 20:1-6 is symbolic reign between Christ’s first and second coming (where we live now) Satan’s power was limited (bound) with the cross and Christ reigns through the Church from heaven.
  • Tribulation right before return
  • Numbers are symbolic
  • Any passage in Scripture about peace in the prophets refers to new heaven/earth.
  • Jesus fulfills OT prophecies to Israel
48
Q

Postmillennialism

A
  • Millennium brought in by Church after 1000 years of peace and prosperity; Church reigns with Christ now.
  • History will improve and be really good right before Christ comes and there will be lots of conversions
  • Second coming and judgement after the millennium.
49
Q

Pre-Tribulation (Dispensational) Premillennialism

A

-Church raptured, tribulation, Christ brings church up to clouds and then comes back with them to reign, let Satan out one more time to defeat and sets up new heaven/earth.

50
Q

Post-Tribulation Premillennialism

A
  • No rapture
  • Tribulation period is an increase in God’s judgement and persecution; we don’t know when it starts.
  • Christ brings his people to cloud and then goes back down with them, rules for a long time, let’s beast out to defeat him, and then brings new heaven/earth.
51
Q

Genre(s) of Revelation

A
  • Apocalyptic: dominated by visions and symbolism
  • Readers should lean to metaphorical interpretation before literal (eyes, horns, numbers, etc.)
  • Dualistic concept of history: cataclysmic divide between present age and future (ideal) age, originating with difficult times.
  • Prophecy: Tells of future events
  • Epistle: Letters to the 7 churches and structured like an epistle with greeting and closing.
52
Q

Revelation Author

A

Written by Apostle John from Patmos island
Many scholar question Apostle as author because:
1. he doesn’t name himself as apostle
2. doesn’t show signs of knowing Jesus
3. might have been killed in 60s and Rev is dated in 90s
4. different vocab than Gospel of John

53
Q

Revelation Date

A

During Domitian’s reign (AD 81-96), dated 90s. Others date it under Nero in the 60s.

54
Q

Letter to the 7 Churches

A

Holy Spirit connected to the 7 churches (lampstands)

-Churches: Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamon/Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea

55
Q

What are the 3 series of sevens and what is their significance?

A

Revelation talks about 7 seals, trumpets, and bowls.

The seals and trumpets are closely related while the bowls seem separate. All 3 series refer to events of God’s wrath/judgement. A common theory says that all of them are referring to the same events, but with more description each time they’re explained.

56
Q

What is the pattern with seals and trumpets?

A

6 seals opened; scene change; 7th seal. 7th seal introduces trumpets.
6 trumpets blown; scene change; 7th trumpet

57
Q

What is the importance of the imagery in Revelation 4-5?

A

Chapter 4 shows the sovereignty and majesty of God

Chapter 5 shows Christ as a worthy Lamb, who is praised for his redemption/being slain

58
Q

What is the opposition to God in Revelation?

A 
The dragon (Satan), 
2 beasts: beast from the sea (anti-Christ) and beast from the earth (false prophet)
Babylon (Rome and prostitute)
59
Q

What is the symbolism of Babylon in Revelation?

A
  1. Kingdom of the opposition: Rome
    - Points back to Gen. 11, showing pride and rebellion against God.
  2. Prostitute
    - represents persecution of believers (drunk on blood of the saints)
    - shows unfaithfulness/idolatry of Israel in OT
    - contrasts with pure bride of Christ
    - Prostitute is imagery of seduction into riches (when Babylon falls, the people mourn loss of wealth)
  3. Babylon=whatever world system seduces people away from God.
60
Q

How do the different views of Revelation see Babylon?

A

Idealist: battle between good and evil
futurist: a city/nation in modern day
preterist: Rome
Post-Trib mill: people don’t suffer God’s judgement directly, but suffer under those who oppose him

61
Q

What do all views of Revelation agree on?

A

Chapters 19-22: Return of Christ, millennium, final judgement, new heaven/earth.

62
Q

New heaven and new earth

A

Focus: new Jerusalem

  • an upgraded version of the Garden of Eden where there is no chance for another Fall because Satan is defeated.
  • Described in terms of 1st century city but has park (garden)
  • no temple: Jesus is everywhere and New Jerusalem is the entire world.
63
Q

Why is there no sea and open gates in new city?

A

Shows safety and security. Waters were seen as chaotic and dangerous, and gates are meant to keep the enemy out.

64
Q

What is the significance of the foundation and gates of the new city?

A

the 12 foundations represent the 12 apostles and the 12 gates represent the 12 tribes of Israel

New Testament (2 decks)

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