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Flashcards in Final Deck (196)
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1
Q

________ correlation indicate that two factors increase or decrease together

A

positive

2
Q

_________ correlations indicate that as one factor increases, the other decreases

A

negative

3
Q

A selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics.

A

representative sample

4
Q

A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group.

A

surveys

5
Q

Highly detailed description of a single individual or a small group of individuals., used to investigate rare, unusual, or extreme conditions

A

case study

6
Q

In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable.

A

experimental group

7
Q

In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared.

A

control group

8
Q

The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting.

A

naturalistic observation

9
Q

The purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment;

A

independent variable

10
Q

The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment, thought to be influenced by the independent variable

A

dependent variable

11
Q

behaviorism is the view the psychology:

A

Should be an objective science and study behaviors without taking mental processes into account

12
Q

The __________ ____________ focuses on mental process, memory, perception, language, problem solving, and thinking

A

cognitive perspective

13
Q

In an ____ ___________, the researcher deliberately varies one factor, then measures the changes produced in a second factor.

A

lab experiment

14
Q

________ indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events. This is also referred to as cause and effect.

A

causation

15
Q

_______ _______ defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

16
Q

______ __. _________ believed that psychology is the study of behavior

A

John B Watson

17
Q

founder of American Psychology, didn’t do experiments - only observations, stressed importance that behavior and consciousness function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments

A

William James

18
Q

studied the unconscious mind, founded psychoanalysis: the belief the repressed thoughts fuck you up but if you bring them to the surface they go away

A

Sigmund Frued

19
Q

(similar to Watson) believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying outwardly observable behaviors that could be measured and verified, Believed that internal thoughts, beliefs, emotions, or motives could not be used to explain behavior

A

BF Skinner

20
Q
  • founded observational learning ie. learning by observing others, imitating models, and without direct experience
  • led Bobo doll experiment
A

Albert Bandura

21
Q

_________ _____ ___________ created the Law of Effect, which states that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, and that responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation

A

Edward Lee Thorndike

22
Q

_______ _______ developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth, autonomy, and a hierarchy of needs

A

Abraham Maslow

23
Q

The support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacture myelin.

A

glial cells

24
Q

the part of a cell that processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell’s nucleus

A

cell body

25
Q

The multiple short fibers that extend from a neuron’s cell body and receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells

A

dendrites

26
Q

The long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron’s messages to other neurons, muscles, and glands

A

axon

27
Q

A white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed

A

myelin sheath

28
Q

the nucleus:

A

contains chromosomes

29
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

30
Q

the process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a post-synaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again

A

reuptake

31
Q

The division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

central nervous system

32
Q

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats

A

sympathetic nervous system

33
Q

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily functions and conserves the body’s physical resources.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

34
Q

The principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus. If the stimulus is any strength above threshold, the nerve or muscle fiber will either give a complete response or no response at all.

A

all-or-nothing principle

35
Q

The ________ __________ is produced by movement of electrically charged particles (ions) across the axon membrane

A

action potential

36
Q

A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron

A

action potential

37
Q

The state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation

A

resting potential

38
Q

The _____ hemisphere of the brain is specialized for language tasks

A

left

39
Q

the ______ hemisphere of the brain is specialized for visual-spatial tasks

A

right

40
Q

An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, near the temples, that is the primary receiving area for auditory information

A

temporal lobe

41
Q

An area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual information

A

occipital lobe

42
Q

An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe that processes somatic sensations

A

parietal lobe

43
Q

The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional control.

A

frontal lobe

44
Q

Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron

A

neurotransmitters

45
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in sensory perceptions, sleep, and emotions

A

serotonin

46
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of bodily movement, thought processes, and rewarding sensations.

A

dopamine

47
Q

Neurotransmitters that regulate pain perceptions

A

endorphins

48
Q

________________ are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells.

A

Neurotransmitters

49
Q

a difference in electric potential between two exteriors or two sides of one exterior due to chemical activity

A

polarization

50
Q

sodium gates open and let sodium into the axon, causing the axon to be more positive that the outside

A

depolarization

51
Q

potassium gates open and positive ions flow out of the axon, causing the inside of the axon to be more negative than the outside

A

repolarization

52
Q

potassium gates stay open too long and too many positive ions flow out, making the axon super negative

A

hyperpolarization

53
Q

controls muscle movements involved in speech

A

broca’s area

54
Q

involved in language comprehension

A

wernicke’s area

55
Q

when someone has too much serotonin in their brain they can develop _________ _______

A

serotonin syndrome

56
Q

The degeneration of the neurons that produce dopamine in one brain area causes __________ ________

A

Parkinson’s disease

57
Q

A hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing and circulation

A

medulla

58
Q

A hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body

A

pons

59
Q

A large, two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain; responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium

A

cerebellum

60
Q

A curved forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and forming new memories

A

hippocampus

61
Q

A forebrain structure that processes sensory information for all senses except smell, relaying that information to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

62
Q

An almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.

A

amygdala

63
Q

receives information of body sensations, a band of tissue on the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex

64
Q

controls voluntary movement, located in frontal lobe

A

motor cortex

65
Q

the primary auditory cortex is located on the ________ lobe

A

temporal

66
Q

the primary visual cortex is located on the _________ lobe

A

occipital

67
Q

involved in the planning of voluntary movements

A

prefrontal cortex

68
Q

Lara believes that the size of the just noticeable difference varies depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus. Her views are consistent with:

A

Weber’s Law

69
Q

Two dimmer lights are being turned on, but one isn’t as strong as the other. The point at which Rudy can tell that one light is brighter than the other would be described as the _____.

A

just noticeable difference

70
Q

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Madeline could not detect them. These sounds were below Madeline’s _____.

A

absolute threshold

71
Q

The smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time

A

absolute threshold

72
Q

A principle of sensation that holds that the size of the just noticeable difference will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus

A

Weber’s law

73
Q

Giulio’s bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Lynn’s. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Lynn’s bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio’s bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

A

Weber’s law

74
Q

The use of visual cues to perceive the distance or three-dimensional characteristics of objects.

A

depth perception

75
Q

Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone.

A

monocular cues

76
Q

___________ _______ ______ include relative size, overlap, aerial perspective, texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax, and accommodation

A

Monocular depth cues

77
Q

Distance or depth cues that require the use of both eyes

A

binocular cues

78
Q

___________ _______ ______ include convergence and binocular disparity

A

Binocular depth cues

79
Q

The process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system

A

transduction

80
Q

While strolling through the garden, Jamal suddenly notices the beautiful scent of roses. Jamal is using his _____ sense, and the process by which the odor is converted into neural signals that his brain understands is called _____.

A

olfactory, transduction

81
Q

Michael opens his eyes in the morning to see the alarm clock on his dresser. At that point, his eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called _____.

A

transduction

82
Q

A specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli

A

receptor cells

83
Q

A small area in the center of the retina, composed entirely of cones, where visual information is most sharply focused

A

fovea

84
Q

A clear membrane covering the visible part of the eye that helps gather and direct incoming light

A

cornea

85
Q

A thin, light-sensitive membrane, located at the back of the eye, that contains the sensory receptors for vision

A

retina

86
Q

The long, thin, blunt sensory receptors of the eye that are highly sensitive to light, but not to color, and that are primarily responsible for peripheral vision and night vision

A

rods

87
Q

_____ are used for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision

A

Rods

88
Q

The short, thick, pointed sensory receptors of the eye that detect color and are responsible for color vision and visual acuity.

A

cones

89
Q

______ are used for color vision, for vision in bright light, and for seeing fine details

A

Cones

90
Q

This German word means a unified whole, form, or shape.

A

Gesalt

91
Q

Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus in the process of recognizing a whole pattern; analysis that moves from the parts to the whole

A

bottom-up processing

92
Q

Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer’s knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive processes in arriving at meaningful perceptions; analysis that moves from the whole to the parts

A

top-down processing

93
Q

The tendency to perceive objects, especially familiar objects, as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input

A

perceptual constancy

94
Q

School of psychology that maintained that our sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules, producing meaningful whole perceptions

A

Gestalt psychology

95
Q

humans get __________ _________ because we have two eyes that are slightly spaced apart on our faces, we get a slightly different view of the world from each

A

binocular disparity

96
Q

The binocular cue that relies on the degree to which muscles rotate the eyes to focus on an object is _____.

A

convergence

97
Q

In a local psychology experiment, the research assistant asks participants to hold two pencils in front of them and touch the tips together. She then asks participants to do this with one eye closed. They find this difficult, which demonstrates the importance of _____ cues.

A

binocular

98
Q

Darrell has just arrived at the beach. The sand beneath his feet is rough and uneven, and he can see individual small stones, sea shells, and other debris. However, the texture of the sand toward the water appears smooth, even, and perfectly flat. He is experiencing the monocular distance cue of:

A

texture gradient

99
Q

The theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors: red–green, blue–yellow, and black–white; when one member of a color pair is stimulated, the other member is inhibited.

A

opponent process theory

100
Q

The ________ nerve carries information to the thalamus and auditory cortex in the brain

A

auditory

101
Q

The optic nerve fibers exit the back of each retina at the optic disk and meet at the optic chiasm, where some of the fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain and then transmit information from the ________ to the visual cortex

A

thalamus

102
Q

The theory that the sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light (long wavelengths), green light (medium wavelengths), or blue light (short wavelengths).

A

trichromatic theory of color vision

103
Q

The specialized sensory receptors for taste that are located on the tongue and inside the mouth and throat

A

taste buds

104
Q

During stage __ NREM, you can quickly regain conscious alertness if needed

A

1

105
Q

Breathing becomes rhythmical. Slight muscle twitches may occur. Theta waves are predominant in stage __, but larger, slower brain waves, called delta brain waves, also begin to emerge.

A

2

106
Q

When delta brain waves represent more than 20 percent of total brain activity, the sleeper is said to be in stage __ NREM

A

3

107
Q

When delta brain waves exceed 50 percent of total brain activity, the sleeper is said to be in stage __ NREM.

A

4

108
Q

Dreams usually occur during ____ sleep

A

REM

109
Q

REM sleep lasts about __ to __ minutes

A

5-15

110
Q

Typical __ minute sleep schedule alternating between REM and NREM

A

90

111
Q

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep

A

NREM

112
Q

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

113
Q

the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is to control your circadian rhythm

A

circadian rhythm

114
Q

________ _________ refers to a biological or psychological process that systematically varies over the course of each day

A

Circadian Rhythm

115
Q

A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior hypnosis

A

hypnosis

116
Q

________ produces a highly focused, absorbed state of attention that minimizes competing thoughts and attention

A

hypnosis

117
Q

The best candidates for hypnosis are individuals who approach the experience with ________, receptive attitudes

A

positive

118
Q

Supposed enhancement of memory for past events through hypnotic suggestion

A

hypermnesia

119
Q

if one does not believe in hypnosis

A

they cannot be hypnotized

120
Q

A suggestion made during hypnosis asking a person to carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session

A

posthypnotic suggestion

121
Q

Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness

A

meditation

122
Q

A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

A

physical dependence

123
Q

Produces intense euphoria, mental alertness, and self confidence, blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, blocking reuptake potentiates or increases effects of neurotransmitters

A

cocaine

124
Q

Produce feelings of euphoria, occupy endorphin receptors sites in the brain, mimicking the effect of endorphins, alter reaction to pain by reducing the brain’s perception of pain

A

heroin and morphine (opiates)

125
Q

Increases neural activity in many brain areas because of the increase ion Ach, Increases mental alertness and reduces fatigue or drowsiness - Including the frontal lobes, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

A

nicotine

126
Q

Promotes wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes, Stimulants dopamine in brain’s prefrontal cortex, Blocks adenosine receptors in brain, blocking your urge to sleep

A

caffeine

127
Q

__________ _______ alter consciousness by changing arousal, mood, thinking, sensations, and perceptions

A

Psychoactive drugs

128
Q

drugs that depress, or inhibit, brain activity

A

depressants

129
Q

drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and that relieve pain and produce euphoria

A

opiods

130
Q

drugs that stimulate, or excite, brain activity

A

stimulants

131
Q

Produces a mild euphoria, talkativeness, and feelings of good humor and friendliness, lessens inhibitions by depressing brain centers responsible for judgement and self-control

A

activation, persistence, and intensity

132
Q

Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent

A

withdrawal symptoms

133
Q

the __________ _________ releases dopamine when we do drugs

A

nucleus acumbens

134
Q

condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug

A

Addiction

135
Q

The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

A

Instinct theories

136
Q

the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

A

drive theory

137
Q

The principle of _________ states that the body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies

A

homeostatis

138
Q

behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals, such as rewards, money, or recognition

A

incentive theory

139
Q

This can vary from one person to the next based on one’s self-evaluation - intelligence, attractiveness, physical abilities, etc

A

incentive theory limitation

140
Q

The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal—neither too high nor too low

A

arousal theory

141
Q

When arousal is too _____ we seek to reduce arousal in a ____-stimulating enviroment

A

high; less

142
Q

people with low levels of arousal can be _________ _______

A

sensation seekers

143
Q

physiological needs (food, water), safety needs (security), belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships and love needs), esteem needs (prestige and feelings of accomplishment), self actualization (achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities)

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

144
Q

Vague and almost impossible to define in a way that would allow it to be scientifically tested

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs limitations

145
Q

Deci and Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied

A

self-determination theory

146
Q

external influences on behavior, such as rewards, social evaluations, rules, and responsibilities

A

Extrinsic motivation

147
Q

desire to engage in tasks that person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging

A

Intrinsic motivation

148
Q

disruptive forces that interfere with rational behavior

A

emotions

149
Q

A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response

A

emotion

150
Q

Several studies have shown that the _______ is a key brain structure in the emotional response of fear in humans

A

amygdala

151
Q

direct thalamus→amygdala pathway “shortcut”

A

LeDoux’s neural pathway

152
Q

We perceive a stimulus, physiological and behavioral changes occur, we experience these changes as a particular emotion

A

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

153
Q

emotions and bodily changes do not share a cause-and-effect relationship. Rather, they occur simultaneously, following a stimulating event

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

154
Q

Expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes us to subjectively experience that emotion

A

Facial Feedback Theory

155
Q

emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain arousal

A

Schachter-Singer Two-factor theory of emotion

156
Q

emotions result from cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being

A

Lazarus Cognitive Meditational Theory

157
Q

One pathway leads to an area of the _________, then on to the _______ at the base of the brain - this triggers arousal of the _________ _________ _________.

A

hypothalamus; medulla; sympathetic nervous system

158
Q

Another pathway projects from the ________ to a different _________ area that, in concert with the pituitary gland, triggers the release of stress hormones

A

amygdala; hypothalamus

159
Q

agree with James-Lange positive correlation between sensitivity to internal body signals and anxiety and other negative emotions

but also agree with Cannon-Bard that the same pattern of physiological arousal can give rise to different emotions

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion - difference with James-Lange Theory

160
Q
  • Our emotional reaction to a stimulus is often faster than our physiological reaction.
A

weakness of James-Lange Theory

161
Q

The pounding heart, rapid breathing, trembling hands and feet, and churning stomach that occur when you experience an intense emotion like fear reflect the activation of the

A

sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

162
Q

The _________ _________ _________ is also activated by other intense emotions, such as excitement, passionate love, or extreme joy

A

sympathetic nervous system

163
Q

_______ tend to be much more at ease expressing their emotions, thinking about emotions, and recalling emotional experiences

A

Women

164
Q

______ __ ________ believed that virtually all human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning—that is, due to past experience and environmental influences.

A

John B. Watson

165
Q

school of thought pioneered by B. F. Skinner that argues that behavior, rather than mental states, should be the focus of study in psychology

A

radical behaviorism

166
Q

The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well

A

stimulus generalization

167
Q

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

168
Q

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

A

conditioning

169
Q

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

170
Q

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning

A

unconditioned (unlearned/natural) stimulus

171
Q

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response

A

conditioned stimulus

172
Q

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned (learned) response

173
Q

the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed

A

shaping

174
Q

training an animal to perform a complex trick

A

example of shaping

175
Q

You are more likely to imitate a behavior if there is some expectation that doing so will produce reinforcement or reward.

A

role of motivation in observational learning

176
Q

Bandura suggests that _________, _________, _________, and _________ interact to determine whether imitation will occur

A

Attention; Retention; Motor reproduction; Reinforcement or incentive conditions

177
Q

watching someone be reinforced/punished

A

Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment

178
Q

In _________ reinforcement situations, a response is a strengthened because something is added or presented

A

positive

179
Q

In ________ reinforcement situations, a response is strengthened because something is being subtracted or removed

A

negitave

180
Q

involves following a operant with the addition of a reinforcing stimulus.

A

Positive reinforcement

181
Q

involves an operant that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

A

Negative reinforcement

182
Q

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus

A

Punishment by application / positive punishment

183
Q

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus

A

Punishment by removal / negative punishment

184
Q
  • A mother gives her son praise (reinforcing stimulus) for doing homework (behavior).
  • The little boy receives $5.00 (reinforcing stimulus) for every A he earns on his report card (behavior).
  • A father gives his daughter candy (reinforcing stimulus) for cleaning up toys (behavior).
A

examples of positive reinforcement

185
Q
  • Bob does the dishes (behavior) in order to stop his mother’s nagging (aversive stimulus).
  • Natalie can get up from the dinner table (aversive stimulus) when she eats 2 bites of her broccoli (behavior).
  • Joe presses a button (behavior) that turns off a loud alarm (aversive stimulus)
A

examples of negative reinforcement

186
Q
  • A child picks his nose during class (behavior) and the teacher reprimands him (aversive stimulus) in front of his classmates.
  • A child touches a hot stove (behavior) and feels pain (aversive stimulus).
  • A person eats spoiled food (behavior) and gets a bad taste in his/her mouth (aversive stimulus).
A

examples of positive punishment

187
Q
  • A child kicks a peer (behavior), and is removed from his/her favorite activity (reinforcing stimulus removed)
  • A child yells out in class (behavior), loses a token for good behavior on his/her token board (reinforcing stimulus removed) that could have later be cashed in for a prize.
  • A child fights with her brother (behavior) and has her favorite toy taken away (reinforcing stimulus removed).
A

examples of negative punishment

188
Q
  • Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses (every so many)
  • Buy 10 coffee drinks, get the 11th free
  • Produces high rates of responding
A

Fixed Ratio Response

189
Q
  • Reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses (after an unpredictable number)
  • Slot machine gambling (“Lurkers” time the slot machines to swoop in win people who haven’t won yet leave)
  • Produces high rates of responding
  • Very difficult to extinguish
A

Variable-Ratio Schedule

190
Q
  • Reinforce first response after a fixed time period (every so often)
  • Checking for snail mail, cramming for a test
  • Produces a choppy start-stop pattern of responding
A

Fixed-Interval Schedules

191
Q
  • Reinforce the first response after varying time intervals (unpredictably often)
  • Checking for email
  • Produces slow, steady responding
  • Most difficult Extinction of Response
A

Variable-Interval Schedules

192
Q

Imagine that parents punish their son for not cleaning his room. He eventually learns to clean up his messes to avoid punishment. Instead of having to relearn this behavior at school, he applies the same principles he learned at home to his classroom behavior and cleanes up his messes before the teacher can punish him.

A

example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning

193
Q

In operant conditioning, ___________ ____________ explains how we can learn something in one situation and apply it to other similar situations

A

stimulus generalization

194
Q

a dog that has learned to sit when a person says “sit” in order to receive a treat, but the dog does not sit when a person says “bit”.

A

example of stimulus discriminaton in operant conditioning

195
Q

if Pavlov’s dog had developed discrimination, it would have salivated to the tone that had been paired with the delivery of the meat powder, and not a similar tone with a slightly different pitch.

A

example of stimulus discriminaton in classical conditioning

196
Q

Little Albert’s fear of white furry objects is a great example of how stimulus ____________ works in classical conditioning

A

generalization