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Geography of canada > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

When did On recieve equlization payments

A

2009

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2
Q

ON area

A

1 million square km

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3
Q

N. ON % population

A

7%

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4
Q

Niagara escarpment

A

most variable topography. Most reisstant rock

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5
Q

Petite Cote

A

Present day windsor. Found by french in 1749

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6
Q

When did British loyalists come to canada

A

1700s after American revolution

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7
Q

Tecumseh

A

Joined british in war of 1812. Died in Moraviantown at battle thames

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8
Q

Ontario name

A

Beautiful water in iroquois. 1867

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9
Q

10 Great lake ports

A 
Chicago
toronto
detroit
cleveland
buffalo
milwaukee
hamilton
toledo
windsor
thunder bay
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10
Q

Laurentide ice sheet

A

Covered canada 18,000 years ago. Melted 10-5000 years ago. Formed great lakes. Ontario at the bottom

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11
Q

Welland Canal

A
  1. Bypass niagara falls
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12
Q

Lake effect snow

A

Cold wind moves over warm water. Snowbelt downwind of lakes. Kitchener, london, windsor

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13
Q

Tornado

A

Gulf of mexico wind and cold lake breezes

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14
Q

3 great lake concerns

A

Health of lakes and eutrophication
Toxic contamination and bacteria
Exotic species like goby and sea lamprey

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15
Q

Why is economy anchored in ontario

A

Size of population
Above average income
Cluster of cities, universities, tech
Central location in NA

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16
Q

5 regions in On

A 
Northern
Eastern
Central
Golden Horseshoe
Southwestern
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17
Q

3 biggest cities in Northern ON

A

Sudbury
Thunder bay
Sault st marie

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18
Q

Eastern ON

A

Ottawa, Kingston, Cornwall

Federal government

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19
Q

Central On

A

Cottage country

Barrie, Peterborough, Orillia

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20
Q

Golden Horseshoe

A

Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catherines

Finance, insurance, healthcare, education

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21
Q

SW ON

A

Manufacturing and agriculture

Kitchener, London, Windsor

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22
Q

Main export of N ON

A

Softwood lumber

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23
Q

Crownland

A

Land in Northern on is owned by Ontario gov. They determine the allowable annual cut

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24
Q

Minerals in canadian shield

A

Gold, nickel, silver, copper

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25
Q

Leader of mineral production

A

Northern Ontario

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26
Q

2 transportation corridors that are populated in N ON

A

N branch of TCH and Canadian national rail

S branch of TCH and CPR

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27
Q

Niagara Fruit belt

A

Microclimate between lake ontario and erie

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28
Q

3 reasons for manufacturing dveelopment in S ON

A

Proximity to US
Trade restriction–> national policy
Size of market and workforce

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29
Q

Where were the first auto plants

A

Detroit and Windsor

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30
Q

% of cars made in S ON

A

15% of vehicles in NA

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31
Q

Workers in ON auto industry

A

104,000

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32
Q

5 parts of auto industry

A 
Material suppliers
Parts production small factories
Vehicle assembly plants 
Service firms
Corporate
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33
Q

Just in time principle

A

Used in auto industry. Reduce inventory and labour costs by only ordering in materials as needed

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34
Q

Benefits of Auto pact (1995)

A

Guaranteed Canadian plants would not close
Plants could specialize in a model
Reduce cost of vehicles

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35
Q

Auto pact conditions

A

Both Canada and Us eliminate 15% tariff on vehicles and parts.
Canada guaranteed minimum level of production
Precursor to NAFTA

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36
Q

Biggest auto producer in NA

A

Ontario

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37
Q

Plants in S ON and the 5 companies

A 
8 plants
GM
Chrysler
Ford
Toyota
Honda
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38
Q

Big 3

A

90% of vehicles made by them in 1990

60% when toyota and honda came in 2010

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39
Q

Why do japanese car companies come here

A

Skilled workforce

Publically funded healthcare

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40
Q

Smog

A

Sunlight reacts to pollutants and vehicle exhaust

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41
Q

% of ON exports that go to US

A

80%–> we have alot of primary sector materials

30% of that is car stuff

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42
Q

Technology triangle of canada

A

Kitcher, Waterloo, Cambridge

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43
Q

% On and QC pop living in urban area

A

80%

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44
Q

3 impacts of urbanization

A

Farms subdivided into smaller units
Reluctance to plant new trees
Greater demand for services

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45
Q

Speculation

A

Holding onto land waiting for the prices to get higher

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46
Q

Most densely populated area in Canada

A

Golden horseshoe–> 7.5 million people

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47
Q

% of Toronto pop that are visible minorities

A

37%

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48
Q

ON cities

A 
Toronto
ottawa
Hamilton
kitchener/waterloo
london
windsor
sudbury
thunderbay
sault st marie
north bay
timmins
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49
Q

% of French first language in Quebec

A

80%

75% of immigrants choose to learn it

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50
Q

3 areas for anglophones in QC

A

Montreal
Eastern Townships
Ottawa river valley

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51
Q

Allophone

A

Do not speak english, french or native as first language

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52
Q

QC pop difference between 1871 and now

A

32%–> 24%
Growth out west
Moving corporate HQ to ontario

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53
Q

% of QC in the shield

A

90%

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54
Q

Lowest emitter of greenhouse gases

A

QC

PEI

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55
Q

Greenhouse gas

A

Allow solar radiation through but absorb infrared from the earth

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56
Q

QC gas tax

A

Extra 0.08 cents/litre for gas

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57
Q

Cartier

A

Sailed to chaleur bay QC in 1534. Found the SLR

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58
Q

Champlain

A

Father of new france. Made trading post in QC in 1608

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59
Q

Maisonneuvre

A

MAde Ville-Marie (Montreal) in 1642

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60
Q

Plains of Abraham

A

Britain beat france in 1759. Ruled QC for 100 years

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61
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

1763– awarded New France to britain

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62
Q

Quebec Act

A

1774– Gave rights to use French, Catholicism, French civil law

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63
Q

3 QC explansion

A

1898– N border extended into shield

1912: Doubles in size, adds Nunavik
1927: Labrador/QC border follows drainage divide

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64
Q

2 economic zones in QC and ON

A

Agriculture and Manufacturing South

Resource periphery in North

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65
Q

Hydro Quebec

A

Made in 1944, Jean lesage made it good in the 60s when he bought out all private utilities. Tried to buy out NB in 2009

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66
Q

3 things hydro depends on

A

Adequate precipitation
Variable topography
Access to markets

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67
Q

4 benefits of hydro

A

Renewable
Long life of facilities
Low operating cost
Job creation

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68
Q

James Bay project

A

Dam all 20 rivers into the bay. La grande cost 15 billion and took 10 years to finish in the 70s

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69
Q

Radisson

A

Community in QC made along with a highway to make hydro plants in the north

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70
Q

2 physiographic regions in N QC

A

Canadian shield

Hudson bay lowlands

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71
Q

Nunavik

A

90% inuit. 15 settlements could establish a regional government in Kuujaq

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72
Q

Leading producer of softwood. Why.

A

QC. Better quality than american due to cold temperatures slowing growth

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73
Q

QC mining

A

4 billion in minerals/ year

Iron ore, copper, gold

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74
Q

3 threats to QC tourism

A

Canadian dollar parity
Uncertain global economy
Thickening US border

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75
Q

70% of QC lives in 6 cities

A 
Montreal
quebec city
gatineau
sherbrooke
saguenay
trois rivieres
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76
Q

Saguenay

A

Merge of Chicoutimi and Jonquiere in 2002

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77
Q

BC physiographic regions

A

Cordillera

Interior Plains in the north east

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78
Q

Insular mountains

A

Form haida gwaii and Vancouver island

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79
Q

BC vegetation

A

Rainforest coast
Semi-arid interior
Tundra at high elevations

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80
Q

7 BC regions

A 
Vancouver Island- Coast
Lower Mainland- SW
Thompson-okanagan
Kootenay
Cariboo-prince george
Skeena- north coast
North east
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81
Q

Vancouver island-coast

A

Coast mountain range
Mildest winters in canada
Forestry, fishing, government services

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82
Q

Lower mainland SW

A

Agricultural area with alluvial soil. Majority of pop live here in vancouver CMA

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83
Q

Thompson-okanagan

A

Kamloops and Kelowna
Rail lines along thomspon river
Nice summers for tourism

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84
Q

Kootenay

A

Nelson, Cranbrook, Fernie
Rockies
Continental divide in border between alberta

85
Q

Cariboo-Prince George

A

Regional services and UNBC

Forestry, mining, ranching, pulp and paper

86
Q

Skeena Northcoast

A

Isolated around Alaska, Prince rupert is 2nd biggest port

Fishing, mining, aluminum smelting, hydro

87
Q

Northeast BC

A

Only highway connecting to Yukon and Alaska

88
Q

Pop in BC

A

Fast growing, many asian immigrants

89
Q

4 main BC exports

A

Lumber
pulp
natural gas
coal

90
Q

Is BC a core

A

No. There is no manufacturing base. No longer a resource based economy

91
Q

% BC exports go to Asia

A

25%

92
Q

Asia- Pacific Gateway corridor

A

Improve ifrastructure to BC ports– mines are really far away

93
Q

Pineapple express

A

Warm air from hawaii keeps BC mild and wet in the winter

94
Q

2 things effecting forestry in BC

A

Mountain pine beetle

Fire in okanagan– dry, wind, lightining

95
Q

Spain gave up land at what degree

A

42 degrees North– us border is now 49 degrees to manitoba

96
Q

BC 1800s

A

Influx of americans during gold rush

1858: named a colony to insure british rule

97
Q

BC joined in

A

1871– 6th province

98
Q

3 BC rail lines

A

Northern alberta
Canadian national
CPR

99
Q

BC fishing

A

80 species, salmon herring and shellfish are most valued but they are exploited

100
Q

Tragedy of commons

A

Destruction of non-renewable resources that are not privately owned

101
Q

4 reasons for salmon exploitation

A

5 year migration cycle
Foresty and hydro destroy spawning ground
Native over fishing
American fishing canadian salmon

102
Q

BC mining

A

Export is hard due to distance
Shale deposit in NE BC has gas
Need roads and pipelines

103
Q

Where is 1/2 of canadas softwood

A

BC

104
Q

BC forestry employment

A

Was 50% in 1960

Now t is 12%

105
Q

Coast forest

A

Mild temp and lots of rain make huge old trees

hemlock, fir, cedar

106
Q

Interior boreal forest

A

Ponderosa and mountain pine

Less rain, drought and fire, make small young trees

107
Q

Softwood Lumber Trade Agreement

A

US returned 4 billion in duties it had been charging on chepa canadian lumber despite NAFTA
US couldnt impose trade actions
Canada must impose taxes after a value

108
Q

BC cities

A

Vancouver
Victoria
Kelowna
Abbotsford

109
Q

% BC living in LMSW region

A

60%

110
Q

% Vancouver chinese and non religious

A

20% asian

1/3 non religious

111
Q

Alberta name

A

Princess louise caroline alberta was 4th daughter of victoria and prince albert

112
Q

Sask and manitoba names

A

Cree for swift flowing water

Cree for lake of the prairies

113
Q

Prairies settlement patterns

A

Before confed. it was metis in narrow lots on river

After 1869 it was 1/4 mile square grids

114
Q

Why has prairie rural pop declined since the 40s

A

Farms are larger and more mechanized. Lower pop density
More grain, less livestock–> less people needed
Less business for villages due to low pop
highways bypass small villages

115
Q

Rationalization of road and rail system

A

Infrequently used corridors shut down. Fewer villages means less dense road network. Decline in villages means closing railines and closing railines makes less villages.

116
Q

3 sites of growth in the prairies

A

Dormitory towns
Sites of government services
Resource towns

117
Q

Gateway city

A

Central prairie cities act as collection and distriution point between Northern hinterland. Reflects strength of the North. Edmonton, Prince Albert, Thompson

118
Q

Land surveying prairies

A

Forced metis to sign treaties. Divided land into 36 sections and gave each european settler a quarter of a section to build a homestead

119
Q

3 homesteader problems

A

Grid system dispersed pop and makes them isolated
Not prepared for isolation and climate
Forced to practice summer fallow

120
Q

Canadian Pacific Railway

A

HBC allowed construction. US already had 3 railways. Completed in 1885

121
Q

Cooperative commonwealth federation (CCF)

A

Socialist philosophy now called the NDP

122
Q

Social credit party

A

1935-1993. Strict religious philosophy popular in 40s and 50s

123
Q

Reform party

A

1987- 2000– Preston Manning in alberta. Strong conservative right wing. Became offical opposition and changed name to Canadian alliance

124
Q

Canadian Alliance

A

2000- 2003. Preston manning and stephen harper. Merged with conservatives in 2003. Now the Conservative party

125
Q

Lowest unemployment rate in canada

A

Prairie provinces

126
Q

Prairie economy 70s

A

Price of oil and US demand increased
Tech advancement allowed seperating sand from oil
Sask potash demand grew

127
Q

Agricultural fringe

A

Lower quality grain used for livestock

128
Q

Fertile belt

A

High soil moisture and adequate frost free period
Wheat, canola, beans, peas, sunflowers
Mixed farming

129
Q

Dry belt

A

Cattle ranching and only wheat.
Practice continuous cropping to reduce weeds and soil erosion
Irrigation is necessary

130
Q

Great sand hills

A

SW sask. Sand dunes formed by wind and galcial lake deposits. Grasslands surround

131
Q

Economies of sale

A

Reduction in per unit cost resulting from an increased output–> livestock slaughtering in Brandon and red deer for secondary sector

132
Q

Bitumen

A

Oil mixed with sand found in sedimentary rock in prairies

133
Q

Oil production and corporate cities

A

Edmonton

Calgary

134
Q

3 alberta pipelines

A

Alliance gas
Interprovincial oil
Trans canada

135
Q

4 leadings natural resources in the prairies

A

oil
natural gas
coal
potash

136
Q

Oil sands

A

mixed with hot water, transported to processing plants. Large hydrocarbons are broken down. Sent to refineries to make into gasoline, propane and diesel

137
Q

Oil ponds

A

2 billion litres d ay. Oil companies must reclaim tailing ponds but no solution currently exists . Oil sands scar landscape and emit gases

138
Q

Mining in the praries

A

Eastern rockies AB has coal
Potash and uranium in Sask
Copper in flin flon Man

139
Q

Thompson

A

Nicke line, railway and town all made in 1957

140
Q

% of prairies forestry in AB

A

75%

141
Q

The pas

A

Manitoba resource town with a big pulp and paper mill

142
Q

Cities in prairies

A 
Calgary
edmonton
winnipeg
Saskatoon
Regina
Lethbridge
Red deer
Medicine hat 
Brandon 
Prince albert
Moose jaw
143
Q

S Alberta population corridor

A

Densely populated from Edmonton, red deer, calgary. 20% growth in last 10 years

144
Q

3 companies with Calgary HQ

A

BP
Imperial oil (Esso)
Shell

145
Q

Gateway to the west

A

Winnipeg. Was the largets city in prairies in 1900 for grain processing and shipment

146
Q

Red River Settlement

A

1810 Selkirk from scotland aquired land from HBC. Scottish settlers came to farm

147
Q

Red river

A

Decreasing South to north elevation

Impermeable soil, melting snow a the head, ice at the base adds to damming. Chernozemic soil. Flooding

148
Q

Red River floodway

A

Constructed in 1969. 48 km long and diverts excess water around Winnipeg

149
Q

4 reasons for high unemployment in Atlantic Canada

A

Division of 4 small provs = no integrated economy
Resources like coal and iron have been exhausted
Widely dispersed pop
Long distance from cities = no manufacturing base

150
Q

2 boosts to Nfld economy

A

offshore petroleum deposits

commuting to alberta oil sands

151
Q

2 physiographic regions in AC

A

Appalachian uplands

Canadian shield

152
Q

Torngat mountains

A

Formed 750million years ago in northern labrador

153
Q

3 connections between labrador and quebec

A

Hydro from QC transmission lines
Iron ore in labrador sent to Sept iles port
Labrador- Quebec highway connects to Happy Valley- Goose Bay

154
Q

Nor Easter

A

Winter storm gain moisture from atlantic and rapidly intensify over maritimes

155
Q

Gulf stream

A

Warm ocean current from east florida meets labrador current in newfoundland and makes it foggy

156
Q

Labrador current

A

Brings icebergs from greenland that sunk titanic

157
Q

Sydney tar ponds

A

Iron and steel on cape breton left waste in atr ponds that spilled everyhwhere and caused cancer. Spent 400 million cleaning it up from 98- 2012

158
Q

Viking

A

First europeans in Newfoundland in 1000 AD

159
Q

John Cabot

A

Italian explorer came into nfld 1947 looking for asia

160
Q

1700s AC pop

A

British
acadian
Mikmaq

161
Q

PEI joined in

Nfld joined in

A

1873– 7th

1949– 10th

162
Q

Intercolonial railway

A

Montreal to halifax lured Maritimes to join at confederation

163
Q

National policy

A

Developed Ontario and Quebec as core. AC is periphery

164
Q

Cape breton steel

A

Was basis of economy but after WW2 and railroads the demand dropped and it closed in 2001

165
Q

Alberta commute

A

Fly to Fort Mc murray 20 days, 8 days home

166
Q

Atlantic continental shelf

A

Extends 400 km offshore. Extended coastline with shallow water

167
Q

Largest bank

A

Grand banks east of St johns

168
Q

Georges bank

A

1977 government claimed control over coats for 200 nautical miles. Us did the same at it overlapped. 5/6 given to US but ours has scallops for NS

169
Q

Fishing AC

A

Nfld– relies on cod

Maritime– floundr, shrimp, crab,lobster, scallops

170
Q

% value of lobster

A

60% of maritime fishery

171
Q

Mismanagement of cod based on 3 factors

A

Cod stock estimates too high by DoFaO
Pressure for high quotas by Nfld politicians
Canada doesnt have outer grand banks –> 2 million tons of cod/year

172
Q

Cod collapse

A

1992–> cod dont reproduce until age 7

173
Q

Forestry AC

A

Mostly in NB for 300 years. 5 mills have closed since 2007

174
Q

Hibernia oil project

A

Largest of 4 drilling operations in Nfld. Accounts for 12% of all oil production. Huge cost to build

175
Q

Voiseys bay

A

Nickel mine in Nfld close to surface and short distance from ocean

176
Q

Churchill Falls

A

2nd largest hydro plant in NA. Created the smallwood resevoir. Must be transmitted through QC to reach US. QC buys the power at 1969 prices until 2041

177
Q

% of agricultural land in maritimes and nfld

A

5% maritimes

0.1% nfld

178
Q

3 agricultural areas in AC

A

PEI potatoes
Saint john river valley dairy
Fruit in annapolis valley

179
Q

Annapolis Valley

A

Nova scotia low lying area near Bay of Fundy and Minas basin. Fertile, well drained soil for ag

180
Q

AC population growth

A

Well below average
8% decline in Nfld
0.5% decline NB
7% commute to alberta during oil booms–> 10,000

181
Q

AC rural pop

A

46%

Twice canada average of 20%

182
Q

Newfoundland resettlement program

A

Federal and provincial gov moved tiny village residents to 77 growth centres –> 75% agreed
150 villages abandoned under this program

183
Q

Confederation bridge

A

13 km long between PEI nd NB over North Cumberland Strait

184
Q

5/ 33 CMAs in AC

A 
Halifax
St johns 
Saint John
Fredricton
Charlottetown
185
Q

Capital of british colony of Nfld until 1949

A

St Johns

186
Q

Largest region

A

Territorial north

187
Q

North pop

A

High population growth from natives

188
Q

4 physiographic regions of the north

A

shield
interior plains
cordillera
arctic archipelago

189
Q

Territory vegetation

A

Tundra, moss and shrubs

190
Q

Desert

A

Precipiation less than 250 mm a year

191
Q

Arctic circle

A

66.5 degrees N. Above this there will be a day without sun and a day without dark

192
Q

Inuit

A

Settle along coats and eat marine animals

193
Q

Dene

A

Hutn acribou with bow and arrow in boreal forest and tundra of NWT

194
Q

Frobisher

A

Found baffin island looking for asia in 1576. Murked inuits, Frobisher bay named iqualuit in 1987

195
Q

Inuit trade

A

Whalers came to davis strait and baffin bay in 1800s, spent time on land in winters, traded weapons for meat

196
Q

native resettlement

A

1960s gov moved them to settlements to protect them and to deliver services efficiently. Caused loss of culture and social issues. Main income is from government

197
Q

arctic 50s

A

Cold war meant rsdar stations built at 70 degrees North to look for soviet bombers

198
Q

why fight for arctic

A

Russia wants it
Gas beneath ocean floor
Commercial shipping route pending ice

199
Q

Arctic cooperation agreement 1988

A

US ahs to ask before sailing, Canada has to say yes

200
Q

Arctic waters pollution prevention act 1985

A

Right to control access to coats within 12 natutical miles by UN convention

201
Q

% urban in territories

A

50% live in the capitals

202
Q

Territory cities

A 
Whitehorse
yellowknife
inuvik
iqualuit
hay river
203
Q

primary sector jobs in territories vs canada

A

15% vs 4$

204
Q

Territorial formula financing

A

Economy based on natural resources and federal transfer payments

205
Q

Nunavut

A

Inukitut for our land. Made in 1999

206
Q

Why dont fly in workers help territory economy

A

Spend wages at home

Pay income tax to province

207
Q

Mackenzie River Valley Pipeline project

A

Transport natural gas from northern alaska to mackenzie river valley proposed in 70s, rejected due to Dene land claims, environemtnal concerns and dropping gas prices. Being discussed again

208
Q

Normal Well Oil Fields project 1985

A

From NWT to N alberta, Output is 2 million cubic meters annually. Climate change can melt permafrost

209
Q

NWT diamonds project

A

14 days on, 14 off fly in rotation. Brings in 2.1 billion dollars a year. Canada is 3rd biggest diamond producer

Geography of canada (2 decks)

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