Anterior N-TH
Input
Output
Mammillary bodies, hippocampus
Cingulate cortex
RELAY
DSM N-TH
Input
Output
PFC
ASSOCIATION
DSL N-TH
Input
Output
Posterior cingulate cortex
Pulivinar N-TH
Input
Output
Pariety-occipital-temporal association cortices
VL N-TH
Input
Output
GPi
Motor cortex
VP N-TH
Input
Output
Sensory (head)
VMP N-TH
Input
Output
Sensory (body)
MGN-TH
Input
Output
Auditory nerve
Auditory cortex
LGN-TH
Input
Output
Optic tract
Visual cortex
Centrum semiovale runs _____, within _____.
anterior to posterior
hemispheres
AL-IC
Origin
Destination
Anterior N-TH > Cingulate cortex
DSM N-TH > PFC
PL-IC
Origin
Destination
VA/VL N-TH CST
Retrolenticular L-IC
Origin
Destination
Parietal lobe, superior visual radiations
Sublenticular L-IC
Origin
Destination
Pulvinar > Temporal association cortex
> Auditory radiations
> Inferior visual radiations
LMN unit
BS and SC > ventral root > NMJ
UMN unit
BG and CB > Thalamus, association > UMN > BS, SC
The vestibulospinal tract is _____ and modulates _____ and _____.
descending
posture
head movements
The CST, reticulospinal, and rubrospinal tracts are _____ and modulate _____.
descending
voluntary movement
In the spinal cord... Medial = \_\_\_\_\_ Lateral = \_\_\_\_\_ Dorsal = \_\_\_\_\_ Ventral = \_\_\_\_\_
Axial muscles
Distal muscles
Flexor muscles
Extensor muscles
CST pathway
PMC>PM>SM>M1> PLIC>CP>PYR> Anterior horn
The corticobulbar tract is responsible for _____.
fine motor control of the face
mainly lips and tongue
Posterior columns convey _____ and _____.
touch and proprioception
Posterior column pathway
Mechanoreceptors > Posterior columns > N-Gracilis and N-Cuneatus > Medial Lemniscus > VPL N-TH > Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterolateral pathway
Noci and thermoreceptors > posterior horn > STT > VPL N-TH > Posterior cingulate gyrus
Limbic BG loop
Limbic cortex
NAcc
Ventral pallidum
TH
sensorimotor BG loop
Sensorimotor cortex
Putamen
GPi
VA/VL N-TH
Association BG loop
Association cortex
Caudate
GP/SNr
DSM N-TH
_____ input from the striatum and _____ input from the Subthalamic nucleus go to the _____ and then the _____.
Inhibitory
Excitatory
GPi
Cortex
_____ input from the stratum and _____ input from the subthalamic nucleus go to the GPe and then send _____ signals.
Inhibitory
Excitatory
Inhibitory
The vermis contains the _____.
fastigial nucleus
The medial zone of the CB contains the _____.
interposed nucleus
The lateral zone of the CB contains the _____.
dentate nucleus
The outer layer of the CB is the _____ and contains _____.
molecular layer
synapses
The middle layer of the CB contains _____.
purkinje cells
The inner layer of the CB contains _____.
granular cells
All types of cells in the CB are _____, except for purkinje cells.
excitatory
The flocculo-nodular lobe and uvula receive _____ input.
vestibular
The vermis and medial zone receive _____ input.
spinal
The lateral hemispheres of the CB receive _____ input.
cortical
Damage to the midline of the CB results in _____ deficits.
postural
Damage to the lateral zone of the CB results in _____.
ataxia of limbs
Damage to the flocculus results in impaired _____.
eye movements
Cells in the cortex
pyramidal
granular
stellate
chandelier
Layers of cortex
Molecular External granular External pyramidal Internal granular internal pyramidal Polymorphic
Layer II of the cortex receives input from _____.
other cortical areas
Layer III of the cortex receives input from and projects to _____.
other cortical areas
Layer IV of the cortex receives _____ input.
sensory
Layer V of the cortex projects to _____/_____/_____.
BG
BS
SC
Layer VI of the cortex receives input from the _____ and projects to the _____.
intralaminar N-TH
TH
The superior longitudinal fasciculus contains the _____ and is a ____ fiber.
arcuate fasciculus
association
The inferior longitudinal fasiculus is a _____ fiber
association
The cingulum is a _____ fiber.
association
The fornix is a _____ fiber.
association
The uncinate fascivulum is a _____ fiber.
association
U-fibers are _____ fibers.
association
The CC is a _____ fiber.
commissural
The anterior/posterior commissure is a _____ fiber.
commissural
The hippocampal fiber is a _____ fiber.
commissural
The posterior parietal cortex is responsible for _____.
spatial attention
The PFC is responsible for _____.
executive function
The _____, _____, and _____ modulate consciousness.
brainstem nuclei
ARAS
HpTH-N
Narcolepsy is a result of a _____ deficiency during wakefulness.
orexin
The periventricular zone of the HpTH runs along the _____ and is continuous with the _____.
lateral ventricle
PAG
The lateral zone of the HpTH is continuous with the _____.
reticular formation
The medial zone of the HpTH lies between the _____ and _____.
periventricular and lateral zones of the HpTH
Nuclei of the HpTH
SCN N.
Arcuate N
Preoptic N
Mammillary bodies
Structures of the limbic system
Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus Amygdala Septal N Fornix
Subdivisions of the amygdala
Medial
Central
Basolateral
The central subdivision of the amygdala is responsible for the _____.
emotional response
The 3 tracts of the cingulum
Anterior tract
Superior tract
Descending tract
The fornix carries info from the _____ to the _____.
hippocampus
mammillary bodies
Parts of the fornix
column
body
crus
Inhibitory limbic loop
Ventral striatum
Ventral pallidum
DSM N-TH
Excitatory limbic loop
DSM N-TH
Amygdala/hippocampus/limbic cortex
Ventral striatum
The limbic loop allows for _____.
coordination of movement
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal proper (CA 1-4) Dentate gyrus Subiculum Entorhinal cortex Fimbria Fornix Alveus
The hippocampus is part of the _____.
archicortex
The dentate layer contains _____.
granule cells
The hippocampus proper contains _____.
pyramidal cells
The hippocampus is responsible for _____.
making declarative memories