Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many electrons are in its valence shell
6
A _____ is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element
Atom
_____ is the development of specialized cells from unspecialized stem cells
Differentiation
The _____ level of the hierarchical organization of the human body falls between chemical and tissue levels
Cellular
Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins in vesicles and storage
Golgi Apparatus
____ are numerous, short projections on the cell surface that beat in a coordinated manner to move extracellular fluid or particles outside the cell
Cilia
The ____ represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic number
Which pH is closest to normal body pH
7
Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat are said to be____
exergonic
What is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton and mainly composed of the protein actin
Microfilaments
____ is a complex lipid used by the human body to store chemical energy in adipose cells
Triglyceride
Anatomy is to _____ as physiology is to ______.
Structure; Function
A positively charged ion is a ____
Cation
The monomers of proteins are
Amino Acids
Fatty acid monomers can be joined together to form complex
Lipids
What is the primary function of ATP
To store chemical energy
Isotopes of an element would differ from one another in their
Mass Numbers
A ____ is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of the compound
Molecule
What is the segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein
Gene
The monomers of a nucleic acid are
Nucleotides
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids
Smooth ER
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a hypotonic solution
It would swell and possibly burst
____ is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
Simple Diffusion
What is the sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that code for particular amino acids
Base Triplet
Which organelle is the location of most ribosomes in the cell
Rough ER
A ____ solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluid of the cell
Hypertonic
____ is the transport of selected large particles such as bacterial cells, across the plasma membrane in vesicles.
Phagocytosis
The movement of a substance across the plasma membrane via a carrier protein, as the substance moves down its concentration gradient, is an example of
Facilitated diffusion
A ____ is a substance that dissociates in water to form a hydroxide ion and a cation
Base
Monosaccharide monomers can be joined together to form complex
Carbohydrates
____ is the transport of extracellular fluid across the plasma membrane in vesicles.
Pinocytosis
What nucleotide does not occur in RNA
Thymine
____ is the movement of solvent(water) across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
What is the opening in a long bone that becomes filled with yellow bone marrow
Medullar Cavity
Which layer of the epidermis includes stem cells
Stratum Basale
Which hormone causes an increase in blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue
Parathyroid hormone
Which type of tissue membrane lines the cavities of movable joints
Synovial Membrane
The epidermis of the skin is composed of which type of tissue
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What label best matches an osteocyte
Mature Bone Cell
Secondary ossification centers occur in the
Epiphysis
Which type of bone cell is a stem cell
Osteoprogenitor cell
What is the organizing unit of a compact bone tissue
Osteon
What is the organizing unit of spongy bone tissue
Trabeculae
What type of protein fiber in connective tissues is long, straight, unbranched, and flexible
Collagen Fiber
Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the
Diaphysis
Which type of skin gland is located in the external ear canal
Ceruminous Gland
Which type of bone cell mainly secretes protein fibers
Osteoblasts
Epithelial cells of ____ exocrine glands secrete their products via exocytosis
Merocrine
Which type of membrane lines internal cavities that do open to the external enviroment
Mucous Membranes
Which type of cell junction includes membrane proteins that are anchored to the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
Desmosome
Which layer of the epidermis is composed of connective tissues with embedded glands, hair follicles, etc.
Dermis
which hormone causes a decrease in blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
The ____ is a cylindrical shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
Which type of bone cell breaks down old bone tissue
Osteoclast
What is the main purpose of the sudoriferous glands
Sweat
Which type of cell junction prevents the passage of fluids between adjacent cells
Tight junction
What type of gland produces hormones that are released into the interstitial fluid
Endocrine
Which type of tissue membrane forms the external covering of the body
Cutaneous Membrane
Which region of the long bone includes the epiphyseal growth plate(epiphyseal cartilage)
Metaphysis
Which type of skin gland secretes oil
Sebaceous Gland
Which layer of skin is composed of epithelial tissue
Epidermis
Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by
Melanocytes
Which type of cell junction allows for the rapid passage of chemical and electrical signals between cells
Gap Junctions
What is the layer of hyaline cartilage on the surfaces of the epiphysis of a long bone
Articular Cartilage
Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin
Stratum Lucidum
Which layer of the dermis includes projections that extend into the overlying epidermis
Papillary Region
____ are formed when the Arrector pilli muscles contract
Goose Bumps
What is the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis
Keratinocytes
____ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone
Red
Which type of tissue membrane includes both connective and epithelial tissue and lines internal body cavities that do not open to the external enviroment
Serous Membrane
What type of ion channels open and closes at random
Leakage channels
A ___ is an extension of the connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle that is continuous with the periosteum of a bone
Tendon
_____ muscle contains thick, thin, and intermediate filaments
Smooth
What is the term for a single contraction/relaxation cycle of a skeletal muscle in response to a single nerve stimulus
Twitch Contraction
What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron
-70mV
Which region of a sarcomere extends the length of the thick filaments
A band
A ____ is a process of a neuron that is typically long and unbranched
Axon
What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific physical stimulus, such as pressure or vibration
Mechanically Gated Channel
___ is the contractile protein of the thick filament
Myosin
The ____ nervous system relays motor commands to smooth muscles and glands
Autonomic
What structure surrounds a myofibril and stores Ca2+ ions
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
What is a group of skeletal muscle fibers that are stimulated by a somatic motor neuron
Motor Unit
Which type of muscle tissue can contract without receiving a stimulus from a neuron
Cardiac Muscle
Which regulatory protein covers the active sites of actin when the muscle is at rest
Tropomyosin
A ____ neuron has more than two processes but the axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrites
Anaxonic
What is the name of the layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber
endosteum
Which type of neuroglial cell produces a myelin sheath around the axon of the Central Nervous System
Oligodendrite
A ____ neuron has one axon and one dendrite that connects to the cell body separately
Bipolar
Which region of a sarcomere occurs at the center of each I band
Z Disc
What is the functional unit of a myofibril
Sarcomere
What structure is an invagination on the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
Transverse Tubule
Which type of neuroglial cell produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system
Ependymal Cell
The _____ nervous system relays sensory information from specialized sensory organs and from sensory structures in the body, wall, and limbs
Somatic
What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific ligand such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone
Chemically Gated Channel
Which region of a sarcomere includes only thin filaments
I band
Which type of neuroglial cell phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissue in the CNS
Microglial Cell
Which type of neuroglial cell supports and nourishes neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System
Satellite Cell
____ is a layer of connective tissue that separates skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles
Perimysium
What structure is the contractile organelle of a skeletal muscle
Myofibril
A ___ is a process of a neuron that is typically short and branched
Dendrite
Which of the following is a contractile protein of the thin filament
Actin
Which regulatory protein binds with Ca+2 to initiate muscle contraction
Troponin
Which type of neuroglial cell maintains the blood-brain barrier in the CNS
Astrocyte
Skeletal muscle tissue can develop the maximal force of contraction when sarcomeres begin at a ____ length
Intermediate
What is the term for sustained, but wavering contraction of a skeletal muscle
Incomplete Tetanus
What is the term for sustained, unwavering contraction of skeletal muscle
Complete Tetanus
What type of ion channel opens in response to a specific change in membrane potential
Voltage Gated Channel
A _____ neuron has one axon and several dendrites
Multipolar
The spinal cord and brain are components of the ____ nervous system
Central
A ___ is a branching tip at the terminal end of a neuron
Telodendrion
Which type of neuroglial cell produces a myelin sheath around the axons of neurons of the PNS
Schwann Cell
A ____ neuron has one axon and one dendrite that fuse before connecting to the cell body
Unipolar
A ___ area of the cerebral cortex receives input from various body tissues
Sensory
What type of propagation is accomplished by the generation of an action potential at successive nodes along a neural axon, jumping over myelinated sections
Saltatory Propagation
Which structure within the cerebrum contributes to the generation of emotion and is involved in memory
Limbic System
Within the cerebral hemispheres, grey matter is found in the
Cortex
A ___ is a raised ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
Gyrus
What is the typical threshold that causes a graded potential to trigger an action potential in a neuron
-55mV
A ___ is a shallow valley between the gyri of the cerebral cortex
Sulcus
During the depolarization phase of an action potential:
Na+ channels are open
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the entire nerve
Epineurium
The ____ is a branch of spinal nerve that serves muscles of the skin and the ventral trunk and the limbs
Anterior Ramus
During the after-hyperpolarizing phase of an action potential, the membrane potential may reach___
-90mV
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains
Axons of Sensory Neurons
Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of heart rate, stroke, volume, and ventilation rate
Medulla Oblongata
The ___ is a branch of a spinal nerve that serves muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk
Posterior Ramus
What is the name of the delicate inner layer of meninges
Pia Mater
What is the name of the middle layer of the meninges characterized by a network of collagen and elastic fibers
Arachnoid Mater
The ____ is a group of branches of a spinal nerve that serves internal organs
Rami Communicantes
Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of the biological clock by releasing melatonin
Pineal Gland
The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are called the
Spinal Meninges
Which layer of connective surrounds the axon of an individual neuron within a nerve
Endoneurium
Which type of neuroglial cell produces the cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal Cell
Which region of the brain relays information between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
Midbrain
Within the cerebral hemispheres, white matter is
Deep
Ependymal cells are associated with blood capillaries within a structure called a
Choroid Plexuses
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains_____
Axons of Motor Neurons
Drugs such as novocaine block Na+ channels and act as pain relievers by preventing
Action Potentials
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds a bundle of axons (a fascicle) within a nerve
Perineurium
The ___ is a group of spinal nerves running together through the vertebral column beyond the end of the spinal cord
Cauda Equina
What is the name of the tough, outer layer of meninges
Dura Mater
The spinal cord terminates in a structure called
Conus Medullaris
During the repolarization phase of an action potential
K+ (potassium) channels are open
Which region of the brain has a major role in regulating homeostasis
Hypothalamus
A ___ area of the cerebral cortex sends output to various body tissues
Motor
Which region of the brain contributes to the regulation of ventilation rate and is responsible for communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain
Pons
Which structure within the cerebrum regulates body movements and muscle tone
Basal Nuclei
Which Region of the brain is responsible for higher-order mental funtions
Cerebrum
What is the typical peak amplitude of an action potential in a neuron
+30mV
The dorsal root ganglion mainly contains
Cell bodies of sensory neurons
Which structure within the cerebrum links the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Collosum
Which region of the brain is responsible for balance, posture, and skilled movements
Cerebellum