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Physical Anthropology (ANTH 001) > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q
  1. On what continents do we find remains of premodern humans?
A

Africa, Asia, Europe

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2
Q
  1. When and where were the earliest modern human fossils located/discovered?
A

Africa - Approx. 200,000

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3
Q
  1. Where have Neanderthal remains been found?
A

Middle east and Europe

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4
Q
  1. What are the cranial capacities of Neanderthal and modern human?
A

Neanderthal = 1250-1740 cc

H. Sapiens sapiens = 1400 cc (range 950-1800 cc)

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5
Q
  1. Be able to define, compare and contrast the morphological characteristics Neanderthals and modern humans.
A

H. sapiens sapiens

  • Brow Ridge Gone
  • Defined chin
  • Smaller face, larger forehead
  • More “gracile” skeleton

H. neanderthalensis

  • Pronounced Brow Ridge
  • less chin
  • less forehead
  • bulges at the sides
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6
Q
  1. When does cave and portable art first appear? What created them?
A

Upper Paleolithic -

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7
Q
  1. What’s most represented in cave art?
A

Predator animals, important animal,

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8
Q
  1. What and when are the Aurignacian, Solutrean, Gravettian, and Magdalenian?
A

Upper paleolithic (50ka - 10ka) tool types

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9
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of the Upper Paleolithic?
A

Trade, travel, advanced tools, working together, technology, language, Portable art and cave art.

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10
Q
  1. What is the relationship between language, motor functions and spatial memory functions of the brain? **
A

better or bigger memory and motor functions, the more complex a language you can know.

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11
Q
  1. What are the major linguistic components of language?
A

Phonemes - Smallest unit of sound

Morphemes - Smallest combination of sounds that convey meaning

ex; un + true = 2 morphemes

Syntax - Standard conventions for combining words

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12
Q
  1. What are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?
A

Areas of the brain related to speech/language.

Wernicke - understanding (back of brain)

Broca - production (front of brain)

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13
Q
  1. What are the major stone tool traditions? With what species are they associated?
A

Olduwan - basic stone tools (Lower Paleolithic period, 2.6 million years ago up until 1.7 million years ago, by Homo habilis)

Acheulean - hand axes (Homo erectus)

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14
Q
  1. What is the difference between a core tool technology and a flake tool technology?
A

Core = Any piece of material that has had flakes removed from it.

Flake = Any material removed from a core (intentional or not).

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15
Q
  1. What is the Levallois technique? Who used it? **
A

Tortoise-shaped core with CONVERGENT FLAKE SCARS
Can use poorer material
Produces very straight edges (Knives)
Curved and steep-angle edges: SCRAPERS
Requires STRATEGIZING THE STONE
This Mousterian Stone Tool kit (associated with Neanderthal) may have had as many as 100+ tool types.

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16
Q
  1. What is the importance of stone blades? Who used them?
A

Tools to make other tools. Used by modern humans.

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17
Q
  1. What is an atlatl?
A

spear-thrower - uses leverage to achieve greater velocity

18
Q
  1. Arguments for and against Out-of-Africa hypothesis and Multi-Regional hypothesis ***
A

OUT-OF-AFRICA - Modern humans evolved from a population of archaic Homo sapiens in Africa, then spread throughout the rest of the world and replaced archaic Homo sapiens everywhere.

Multi-Regional Model - Archaic Homo sapiens populations gradually evolved into anatomically modern humans in different areas.

19
Q
  1. Characteristics of hunter-gatherer groups ***
A
  • Small groups 25-45 in number
20
Q
  1. Diet of hunter-gatherers vs. agriculture
A

Hunter-gatherer: more varied diet

Agriculture: More grains, starches, higher carbs

21
Q
  1. What did humans need to do in order to domesticate animals?
A
  • Need to Alter Behavior
  • Reduction of Intelligence
  • Reduction of Aggressive Behavior
  • Eliminate Defensive Mechanisms
22
Q
  1. What are the benefits and problems of agriculture?
A

Benefits: Stability, productivity, technological progress

Problems: narrowing of diet, loss of genetic variation,

23
Q
  1. When agriculture first appear?
A

12ka - 10ka

24
Q
  1. Centers of initial domestication?
A
  • SW Asia: Sedentary Hunter-Gatherers, Mixed Farming of grains and animals.
  • China: Sedentary Hunter-Gatherers, Rice Farming (Yellow River Delta).
  • Americas: Mobile Hunter-Gatherers, Bottle-Gourds, Corn & Beans
25
Q
  1. What did humans need to do in order to domesticate wild grains, such as wheat?
A
  • Manipulation of wild grains
  • Sowing grain to supplement wild harvest
  • Reduce travel time during harvest
  • Changes in plants (GENETIC ALTERATION)
  • MORE seeds, fruit, root, leaf
  • LARGER seeds, fruit, root, leaf
26
Q
  1. Hunter-gatherer vs agricultural production: cost and efficiency
A

Hunter gatherers work a little and get a lot of food where as agricultural make extra food but takes a lot of effort.

27
Q
  1. Basic theoretical models for the origins of agriculture ***
A
  • Nuclear Zone

- Lightbulb Theory

28
Q
  1. Characteristics & differences between mitochondrial (mtDNA) and Y-Chromosome DNA.
A

Y-chromosome only comes from the man and mtDNA comes from mother.

We track the markers between the chromosomes to see relationships and population.

29
Q
  1. Eve Hypothesis
A

Following mitochondrial DNA back to a single common female ancestor

30
Q
  1. What are the major biological and behavioral trends in human evolution from 4 million to 30,000 years ago?
A
  • Reduction in sexual dimorphism
  • Use of tools - bigger brain / smaller body
  • Increased cooperation
  • “Insurance” water containers, grain stores
31
Q
  1. What was remarkable about the hominids discovered on Flores Island, Indonesia?
A

Homo floresiensis - hobbits, 3’3” ft tall

32
Q
  1. Denisovians. What’s significant about them?
A
  • Paleolithic-era species of the genus Homo
  • Denisova Cave in Siberia
  • genetically distinct from the mtDNAs of Neanderthals and modern humans
  • common origin with Neanderthals, interbred with the ancestors of some present-day modern humans
33
Q
  1. Know and be able to describe the periods and stages of (life history) human development (pre-natal through old age). ***
A

???

34
Q
  1. Menarche
A

When woman’s period starts. Age trends down over time. 11-13 in US.

35
Q
  1. What are rain forests? Why are they important?
A

The Amazon. Earth’s lungs.

36
Q
  1. Modern diet and affects on health. Type II Diabetes.
A

Inadequate exercise, combined with more sugars and refined carbohydrates.

37
Q
  1. How have humans modified the natural environment?
A

Infrastructure (roads, buildings, bridges), agriculture, pollution, damming, introduction & eradication of species

38
Q
  1. What is Behavioral Ecology?
A

Evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures.

39
Q
  1. History and trajectory of human population growth?
A

Exponential.

40
Q
  1. What is Global Warming? What are the causes?
A

Climate Change is cyclical.

41
Q

How is water similar to oil?

A

???

Physical Anthropology (ANTH 001) (11 decks)

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