Female Reproductive Physiology Flashcards Preview

BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Female Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Female Reproductive Physiology Deck (44)
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1
Q

Female puberty

A

anatomical and physiological changes in a girls body are controlled by hormones that lead to sexual maturity typically beginning at age 10 or 11 and ending between ages 15 and 17

2
Q

with the onset of puberty

A

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus and triggers the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to produce and release two gonadotropins

3
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

travels from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland through the blood to the ovaries to stimulate follicle cells to divide

4
Q

follicle cells

A

produce and release estrogens to stimulate maturation of an oocyte

5
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

travels from the anterior lobe of the pituiatry gland through the blood to the ovaries where it stimulates the differentiation of cells in a developing follicle and eventually triggers ovulation

6
Q

estrogens and progesterone are mainly involved in

A

the development of the female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, but testosterone also plays a role

7
Q

adrenal testosterone

A

initiates growth spurt and causes pubic hair to appear

8
Q

estrogens

A

cause breast development and maturation of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

9
Q

external genitalia reach

A

physical maturity

10
Q

menarche

A

typically occurs around age 12 or 13, provided that girl possess at least 17% body fat

11
Q

first ovulation

A

typically occurs around the age of 14

12
Q

adipose tissues

A

deposited in the mons pubis, hips, thighs, buttocks, and breasts

13
Q

sebaceous glands

A

begin to secrete more sebum and create acne problems

14
Q

vocal cords

A

change in length and thickness causing voice quality to change

15
Q

oogenesis

A

the process by which haploid oocytes are produced in the ovaries

16
Q

timeline of oogenesis

A

begins before birth, pauses during childhood, accelerats at puberty, occurs on a monthly basis until female goes through menopause

17
Q

primordial germ cells (PGC)

A

migrate to developing overy during embryonic development, where they become enclosed in a layer of cells and form a primordial follicle

18
Q

each primordial follicle contains

A

a diploid oogonium

19
Q

oogonia

A

do not undergo mitosis, so number of eggs that a female will produce during her life is established before birth and continually declines

20
Q

an oogonium grows within its primordial follicle

A

and becomes a primary oocyte, which causes the primordial follicle to become a primary follicle

21
Q

primary oocyte

A

starts meiosis but process is suspended during prophase I

22
Q

with the onset of puberty, several primary follicles

A

will start to develop each month

23
Q

how many primary follicles mature

A

only one to three primary follicles will actually mature, while the rest degenerate

24
Q

follicle cells in puberty

A

change shape and divide repeatedly to form layers of granulosa cells around a primary oocyte; they produce and secrete jelly-like zona pellucida between granulosa cells and primary oocyte

25
Q

maturing primary oocyte will become a

A

secondary follicle

26
Q

cells near the oocyte in a secondary follicle

A

secrete liquor folliculi that accumulates within follicle and forms large antrum

27
Q

the growing antrum causes the secondary follicle to

A

become a Graafian follicle

28
Q

primary oocyte resumes

A

Meiosis and completes reduction division, which forms large secondary oocyte and smaller, non-functional first polar body

29
Q

the Graafian follicle ruptures and

A

expels secondary oocyte and polar body from the ovary

30
Q

if a sperm penetrates the wall of a secondary oocyte

A

Meiosis II will be completed which forms a large haploid ovum and a smaller, non-functional second polar body

31
Q

the empty Graafian follicle

A

remains in the ovary and gets transformed into a corpus luteum, which produces high levels of progesterone and some estradiol until it eventually degenerates to form a corpus albicans

32
Q

sexual arousal in a female is triggered by

A

various olfactory, visual, tactile, and/or mental stimuli that cause the limbic system in the cerebrum to “turn on” her sex drive

33
Q

signals sent to the vagina

A

cause Bartholin’s glands to secrete lubricating mucus near vaginal orifice to prepare for sexual intercourse

34
Q

blood flow to the external genitalia

A

increases during sexual arousal- causes clitoris to become erect

35
Q

blood supply to the breasts

A

increases during sexual arousal- causes nipples to become erect and sensitive

36
Q

stimulation of the nipples and/or clitoris leads to the

A

plateau phase

37
Q

sex flush

A

skin becomes redder because of increased blood flow

38
Q

effect on vagina during the plateau phase

A

vagina swells with blood and becomes sensitive

- forms orgasmic platform that changes vagina’s shape; creates cavity to prevent sperm leakage

39
Q

breasts during the plateau phase

A

increase in size

40
Q

continued stimulation of the clitoris may culminate in an

A

orgasm with a release of tension

41
Q

strong rhythmic contractions in muscles of perineum spread to

A

walls of vagina and uterus; occur every 0.8 to 1.0 second for as long as 15 seconds

42
Q

“female ejaculation”

A

some women secrete large amounts of fluid from Skene’s glands during climax and experience “female ejaculation”

43
Q

female refractory period

A

a female has no refractory period during resolution, so she could experience multiple orgasms as long as sexual stimulation continues

44
Q

body returns to its pre-arousal state in resolution

A

orgasmic platform relaxes and cervix returns to its original position in vagina to make contact with semen