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Flashcards in Female genital tract Deck (29)
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1
Q

What is the smear test for?

A

View of cervix and take a sample of cells to detect early stages of diseases. Every 3-5 years.

2
Q

What is thought to be the main cause of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer?

A

HPV (human papilloma virus)

3
Q

How is the human papilloma virus transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

4
Q

what is cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia?

A

Microscopic lesion affecting the cervix and has the potential to develop into cervical cancer

5
Q

Risk factors for cervical cancer

A

HPV, smoking, not attending screenings.

6
Q

Symptoms of cervical cancer

A

Abnormal discharge and bleeding

7
Q

what are endocervical polyps

A

Small elongated tumours in the cervix. Usually presents with irregular vaginal bleeding/spotting

8
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Heavy periods

9
Q

Causes of menorrhagia

A

DUB
Fibroids
Endometriosis
Polyps

10
Q

Treatments for menorrhagia

A

Mirena coil
Mefanamic and tranexamic acid
Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill
Hysterectomy

11
Q

What are fibroids?

A

Common benign tumours that arise from the myometrium.

12
Q

Symptoms of fibroids

A

Heavy/painful periods, pelvic pain or distension

13
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

When the endometrial tissue is in the wrong place e.g. outside the endometrium

14
Q

Presentations of endometriosis

A

Heavy/painful periods
Pelvic pain
Painful sex

15
Q

Treatments for endometriosis

A

Combined oral contraceptive pill
Mirena coil
Zoladex
Surgery

16
Q

What are endometrial polyps

A

Benign growths from endometrial cavity

17
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Cancer of the lining of the uterus

18
Q

Endometrial carcinoma presentations and treatments

A

Usually presents as post-menopausal bleeding- early stage. Treatment is usually a hysterectomy

19
Q

Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma

A

Obesity and oestrogen exposure

20
Q

What are follicular ovarian cysts?

A

Benign cysts on follicles very common and often no treatment needed

21
Q

What are cystadenomas?

A

Large fluid filled cysts on ovaries. Pressure effect symptoms

22
Q

What are benign mature teratomas?

A

Large cysts on the ovaries filled with a solid substance

23
Q

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Common condition where there are multiple cysts on the ovaries.

24
Q

Presentations of polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

Irregular periods, no periods, infertility

25
Q

Treatments for polycystic ovaries

A

Combined oral contraceptives
Metformin
Clomifene

26
Q

What percentage of pregnancies result in a miscarriage?

A

15%

27
Q

Risk factors for miscarriage

A

Age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders and diabetes

28
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

An extra uterine pregnancy that is usually in the fallopian tubes. 1% of all pregnancies.

29
Q

Treatment for ectopic pregnancies

A

Surgery