Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which is characteristic of a chemical element and determines its place in the periodic table.
Proton
A particle with a positive electric charge
Neutron
A particle with a neutral charge
Electron
A particle with a negative charge
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Cation
A positively charged ion
Hydrochloric acid + Sodium =
Sodium chloride and hydrogen gas
Hydrochloric acid + Calcium =
Calcium chloride and hydrogen gas
Types of Reactions
Synthesis Reactions Decomposition Reactions Single Displacement Reactions Double Displacement Reactions Combustion Organic Reactions Redox
Characteristics of Covalent Bonds
Physical properties that include lower melting points and electrical conductivity
Characteristics of Ionic Bonds
Soluble in water.
They are compounds formed from metals and non-metals.
In a solid state they do not conduct electricity
Example of a Covalent bond
Covalent bonding may take place between atoms of the same element as in a hydrogen molecule or a chlorine molecule
Example of a Ionic bond
Ionic Compounds Are Balanced. Table salt is an example of an ionic compound. Sodium and chlorine ions come together to form sodium chloride
Properties of Metals
Lustrous (shiny) Hard. High density (are heavy for their size) High tensile strength (resist being stretched) High melting and boiling points. Good conductors of heat and electricity
Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids are all solid at room temperature.
Semi-Conductors
Share characteristics of metals and non metals
Properties of Non-metals
Poor thermal conductors.
Poor electrical conductors.
Brittle solids - not malleable or ductile.
Little or no metallic luster.
Gain electrons easily.
Dull, not metallic-shiny, although they may be colorful.
Alloy
An alloy is a metal (parent metal) combined with other substances (alloying agents), resulting in superior properties such as; strength, hardness, durability, ductility, tensile strength and toughness. The parent metal is the majority of the alloy.
Examples and Characteristics of Alloys
Mild Steel, Hard Steel, Cast Iron, Stainless steel.
Alloys are typically stronger and and better as tools and in the real world compared to normal metals
What element has this electron configuration: 2, 8, 1
Sodium
What element has this electron configuration: 2, 8, 3
Aluminium
Calcium Sulphate
CaSO4
Copper chloride
CuCl2
Aluminum sulfate
Al2(SO4)3
Aluminum oxide
Al2O3
Life Cycle of a Star
Stellar Nebula –> Star–>Red Giant–> Planetary Nebula– > White Dwarf or
Stellar Nebula –> Massive Star –> Red Super-giant –> Supernova –> Black Hole or Neutron Star
Greenhouse Effect
The affect of greenhouse gases is it keeps heat from escaping the earth by bouncing heat(radiation, etc.) in any direction. The more greenhouse gases the more heat can bounce off and therefore there is more heat in the Earth
Carbon sink
A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide goes into living tissue by photosynthesis and returns to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.
Structure of the Sun
The sun had 4 different layers, the Photo-sphere, convective zone, radiate zone and the solar interior