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Medical Physiology > Exam #6: Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Exam #6: Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Who is HM? What is important about HM’s case?

A
  • HM had bilateral temporal lobe seizures
  • Removed hippocampus, amygdala, and part of temporal cortex
  • Seizure improved but he had no short term memory
  • Long term memory was intact
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2
Q

What is the difference between associative & non-associative learning? What are the different categories of learning that fall under those two broad labels?

A

Associative= an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned.

  • Passive
  • Operant= positive vs. negative reinforcement

Non-associative= relatively permanent change in the strength of response to a single stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus

  • Simple= habituation & sensitization
  • Complex= imprinting & observational
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3
Q

What is memory?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval of learned information

**Note that memory is stored as an interpreted experience

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4
Q

What are the stages of memory formation?

A

1) Sensory input & attention leads to:
2) Short-term memory & encoding leads to:
3) Long-term memory

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5
Q

What is the role of attention in memory?

A

Attention is required for short-term memory

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6
Q

What is required for transition from short-term memory to long-term memory? What is the process called?

A

This is called encoding and requires rehersal

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7
Q

What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory?

A

Short= seconds, minutes, & hours

Long= minutes- years

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8
Q

What is working memory?

A

This is the process of holding information for basic cognitive activity

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9
Q

What brain structure mediates working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

**Note that this matures into the their decade of life

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10
Q

What are the two major qualitative categories of memory?

A

Declarative (explicit)

Non-declarative (implicit)

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11
Q

What are the different types of declarative memories?

A
  • Episodic (events)

- Semantic (facts)

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12
Q

What brain structures are responsible for declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus
Temporal lobe
Cortex

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13
Q

What are the types of non-declarative memory?

A

Priming
Procedural
Associative

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14
Q

What is priming? What part of the brain is associated with priming?

A

Associating a stimuli with a memory, and having the stimuli spark the memory

Neocortex

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15
Q

What is procedural memory? What part of the brain is associated with procedural memory?

A

How to perform tasks e.g. how to ride a bike

Striatum

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16
Q

What are the types of associative memory?

A

Emotional

Motor learning

17
Q

What is emotional memory? What part of the brain is associated with emotional memory?

A

Emotional responses to situations

Amygdala

18
Q

What is motor learning? What part of the brain is associated with motor memory?

A

“Muscle memory”

Cerebellum

19
Q

What are the different domains of memory?

A 
Cognitive= to recall, calculate, discuss...etc. 
Psychomotor= to dance, swim, ski, drive...etc. 
Affective= to like something or someone
20
Q

What type of circuitry “holds” working information?

A

Recurrent circuitry

21
Q

What is a memory engram?

A

A memory trace i.e. a pattern of activity unique to the record i.e. memory

22
Q

What is codification?

A

Storing a memory in context

23
Q

What is LTP?

A

Long Term Potentiation

- An enduring increase in synaptic efficacy that results from high frequency stimulation of an afferent pathway

24
Q

What receptor underlies LTP?

A

NMDA receptor (Glu)

25
Q

Where can LTP occur besides the hippocampus?

A

Amygdala

26
Q

What are the structural changes that can occur to strengthen LTP?

A
  • Gene expression
  • New synapses formed
  • Activation of previously silent synapses
27
Q

What are the two examples of use dependent brain organization? What is the difference?

A

Brail Proofreader= short term plasticity

London Taxi Diver= spatial learning

28
Q

What are the processing stages of memory?

A

1) Acquisition
2) Rehearsal
3) Consolidation
4) Storage throughout the cortex

29
Q

How are sleep and memory related?

A

During sleep, information is transferred from the hippocampus to the neocortex during Slow-Wave-Sleep

30
Q

How can you increase your recall of information?

A

Practice/rehersal

31
Q

What is fear extinction?

A

Active “forgetting”

  • Shock animal with tone
  • Provide tone without shock enough times
  • No fear response will follow
32
Q

What is the mechanisms underlying fear extinction?

A

PFC inhibits the fear response

33
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde= inability to form new memories

  • HM
  • Cannot CONSOLIDATE

Retrograde= inability to recall previously stored memories

Medical Physiology (74 decks)

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